Comparison of the efficacy of laser-activated and ultrasonic-activated techniques for the removal of tricalcium silicate-based sealers and gutta-percha in root canal retreatment: a microtomography and scanning electron microscopy study

Table 2 Volumes of residual filling materials (mm³) removed by the final technique measured by micro-CT analysis in each group

Groups	CSI	PUI	PIPS
Groups	Median (Minimum–Maximum)
Coronal	0.03 (0.00–0.09)^a1	0.02 (0.00–0.05)^a1	0.10 (0.00–0.29)^a2
Middle	0.01 (0.00–0.02)^a1	0.10 (0.00–0.59)^b12	0.14 (0.00–0.32)^a2
Apical	0.01 (0.00–0.02)^a1	0.07 (0.00–0.19)^b2	0.06 (0.00–0.13)^a2
Overall	0.03 (0.00–0.67)¹	0.14 (0.00–0.32)²	0.30 (0.09–0.50)³

ab Ranking: statistically significant differences among the coronal, middle, and apical thirds within the CSI, PUI and PIPS groups (p < 0.05)
123 Ranking: statistically significant differences among the PIPS, PUI and CSI groups (p < 0.05)

ISSN: 1472-6831