Table 1 Characteristics of participants by gender
All (n = 202) | Girls (n = 96) | Boys (n = 106) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Group (%) | 0.702 | |||
Intervention | 64 | 63 | 65 | |
Control | 36 | 37 | 35 | |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 16.5 (0.5) | 16.4 (0.5) | 16.5 (0.5) | 0.378 |
Socioeconomics | ||||
Parental education1 (%) | 0.028 | |||
Vocational | 13 | 12 | 14 | |
Polytechnic | 41 | 51 | 32 | |
University | 46 | 37 | 54 | |
Household income2 (%) | 0.132 | |||
≤ 29,999€ | 7 | 5 | 9 | |
30,000–59,000€ | 23 | 29 | 87 | |
≥ 60,000€ | 70 | 67 | 73 | |
Health-related behaviour | ||||
Tooth brushing frequency3 (%) | 0.003 | |||
At least twice a day | 73 | 83 | 64 | |
Less than twice a day | 27 | 17 | 36 | |
Brushing device3 (%) | 0.332 | |||
Electronic toothbrush | 48 | 44 | 52 | |
Toothbrush | 52 | 56 | 48 | |
Interdental cleaning frequency3 (%) | 0.533 | |||
At least once a day | 21 | 23 | 20 | |
Less than once a day | 79 | 77 | 80 | |
Smoking4 (%) | 0.615 | |||
Never smoker | 92 | 93 | 91 | |
Current of former | 8 | 7 | 9 | |
Electronic cigarette smoking4 (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Never smoker | 83 | 95 | 71 | |
Current or former | 17 | 5 | 29 | |
Use of snuff4 (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Never | 86 | 95 | 77 | |
Current or former | 14 | 5 | 23 | |
Alcohol consumption5 (%) | 0.924 | |||
None or quitted | 86 | 86 | 86 | |
Yes | 14 | 14 | 14 | |
Diet | ||||
Use of sugar sweetened beverages7 (%) | < 0.001 | |||
Once a week or less often | 68 | 83 | 54 | |
2–3 times a week | 22 | 14 | 31 | |
4–7 times a week | 10 | 3 | 15 | |
Number of main meals per day8 (%) | 0.878 | |||
< 3 | 78 | 78 | 79 | |
3 | 22 | 22 | 21 | |
Number of snacks per day8 (%) | 0.253 | |||
< 2 | 43 | 37 | 47 | |
2 or 3 | 42 | 44 | 41 | |
> 3 | 15 | 19 | 12 | |
Energy intake (kcal/d), mean (SD) | 1841 (511.1) | 1655.9 (419.6) | 2022.7 (529.2) | < 0.001 |
Carbohydrate intake (g/day), mean (SD) | 216.5 (66.6) | 200.9 (55.0) | 231.8 (73.4) | 0.001 |
Sucrose intake (g/day), mean (SD) | 48.2 (25.8) | 46.3 (23.3) | 50.1 (28.0) | 0.317 |
Carbohydrate (E%), mean (SD) | 47.2 (7.2) | 48.7 (6.2) | 45.8 (7.8) | 0.007 |
Sucrose (E%), mean (SD) | 10.5 (5.1) | 11.2 (5.1) | 9.9 (5.2) | 0.082 |
Anthropometrics | ||||
Body height (cm), mean (SD) | 171.2 (8.4) | 165.7 (5.8) | 176.1 (7.3) | < 0.001 |
Body weight (kg), mean (SD) | 61.3 (11.9) | 57.3 (8.3) | 64.8 (13.5) | < 0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 72.7 (8.8) | 69.7 (6.1) | 75.4 (10.0) | < 0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 20.8 (3.3) | 20.9 (2.9) | 20.8 (3.7) | 0.962 |
Body mass index SDS9, mean (SD) | − 0.1 (1.0) | 0.01 (0.8) | − 0.2 (1.1) | 0.204 |
Body fat (%), mean (SD) | 22.6 (9.9) | 28.4 (6.6) | 17.3 (9.4) | < 0.001 |