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Table 3 Background characteristics, time and intervention (AMI or campaign) as predictors of intervention mechanisms (GLMM*/GEE**)

From: Evaluating mechanisms of change in an oral hygiene improvement trial with older adults

 

Model

 

Estimate

Std. error

p value

Confidence interval

Upper

Lower

1

Self-efficacy

Intervention × time (AMI with Campaign—as ref)

0.199

0.074

0.007

0.053

0.34

Race (Hispanics vs Blacks—as ref)

0.302

0.066

< .0001

0.17

0.43

2

Perceived risk

Income (More than $900 vs Less than or equal to $900—as ref)

− 0.206

0.071

0.004

− 0.34

− 0.06

Age (62 and above vs 62 or less—as ref)

0.278

0.074

0.0002

0.13

0.42

Oral health rating (Good and Excellent vs Poor and Fair—as ref)

0.355

0.069

< .0001

0.21

0.49

Diagnoses that interfere with daily life activities (1 + vs 0—as ref)

− 0.162

0.072

0.02

− 0.30

− 0.01

CES-D (4 + vas 0–4—as ref)

− 0.135

0.071

0.05

− 0.27

0.005

3

Fears of oral health diseases

Time (time 1 vs Baseline—as ref)

0.245

0.084

0.003

0.080

0.41

Age (62 and above vs 62 or less—as ref)

0.293

0.105

0.005

0.085

0.500

Diagnosis that interfere with daily life activities (1 + vs 0—as ref)

− 0.250

0.102

0.015

− 0.45

− 0.04

CES-D (4 + vas 0–4—as ref)

− 0.197

0.100

0.051

− 0.39

0.001

Race (Hispanics vs Blacks—as ref)

− 0.595

0.129

 < .0001

− 0.85

− 0.339

4

Oral health intentionality

Time (time 1 vs Baseline—as ref)

0.0752

0.026

0.005

0.022

0.127

Gender (Female vs Male—as ref)

0.0805

0.034

0.0213

0.012

0.14

Oral health rating (Good and Excellent vs Poor and Fair—as ref)

0.091

0.035

0.01

0.021

0.16

Diagnosis that interfere with daily life activities (1 + vs 0—as ref)

− 0.101

0.036

0.006

− 0.173

− 0.028

Race (White and others vs Blacks—as ref)

− 0.165

0.054

0.002

− 0.271

− 0.05

5

Locus of control

Intervention × time (AMI with Campaign as ref)

0.187

0.090

0.03

0.009

0.36

Education (Above high school vs Less than high school—as ref)

0.406

0.071

< .0001

0.264

0.54

Diagnoses that interfere with daily life activities (1 + vs 0—as ref)

− 0.174

0.065

0.008

− 0.304

− 0.04

6

Oral health norm-belief of oral health hygiene and behavior

Intervention (AMI with Campaign—as ref)

− 0.099

0.043

0.02

− 0.186

− 0.013

Time (1 vs Baseline—as ref)

0.103

0.039

0.008

0.026

0.181

Oral health rating (Good and Excellent vs Poor and Fair—as ref)

0.061

0.031

0.04

0.0007

0.123

7

Worries of oral health diseases

Time (1 vs Baseline—as ref)

0.18

0.060

0.001

0.069

0.30

Age (62 and above vs 62 or less—as ref)

0.17

0.084

0.03

0.0081

0.34

Diagnoses that interfere with daily life activities (1 + vs 0—as ref)

− 0.20

0.082

0.01

− 0.36

− 0.040

CES-D (4 + vas 0–4—as ref)

− 0.21

0.081

0.007

− 0.37

− 0.057

Race (Hispanics vs Blacks—as ref)

− 0.45

0.104

< .0001

− 0.66

− 0.25

8

Sugar intake

Time (1 with baseline—as ref)

− 0.2767

0.04396

< .0001

− 0.3632

− 0.1902

9

Brushing frequency

Intervention * time (AMI with Campaign—as ref)

− 0.7117

0.2857

0.0127

− 1.2716

− 0.1519

Gender (Female vs Male—as ref)

− 0.480

0.226

0.03

− 0.92

− 0.03

Income (More than $900 vs Less than or equal to $900—as ref)

0.741

0.238

0.001

0.27

1.20

Diagnosis that interfere with daily life activities (1 + vs 0—as ref)

0.703

0.247

0.004

0.21

1.18

Race (Hispanics vs Blacks—as ref)

− 0.126

0.289

< .0001

− 2.33

− 1.17

10

Flossing frequency

Intervention * time (AMI with Campaign- as ref)

− 0.5160

0.2455

0.0356

− 0.9972

− 0.0347

Gender (Female vs Male—as ref)

− 0.567

0.178

0.001

− 0.91

− 0.21

Diagnoses that interfere with daily life activities (1 + vs 0—as ref)

0.368

0.188

0.05

− 0.001

0.73

Time

− 0.4216

0.1668

0.0115

− 0.7485

− 0.0946

  1. *This table reports on only significant predictors. Absence of time and condition for a mediator means non-significance
  2. **Models generated with GEE statistic for categorical variables