Table 2 Relationship between the linear measurements of the hard palate and sex, and skeletal and breathing patterns

Sex

 Male

29.018

2.799

p < 0.0001*

9.597

3.188

0.4563

36.283

3.440

p < 0.0001*

13.663

2.719

p < 0.0001*

 Female

27.509

2.606

9.100

2.266

33.692

2.904

11.761

2.137

Skeletal malocclusion

 Class I

28.298

2.647

0.6957

9.153

2.835

0.1646

35.038

3.208

0.6733

12.454

2.563

0.4598

 Class II

28.005

2.929

9.827

2.542

34.432

3.528

12.596

2.729

 Class III

28.514

2.882

8.889

2.868

35.621

3.575

13.268

2.450

Facial type

 Brachycephalic

28.970^A

2.761

0.0032*

8.782^B

2.641

0.0154*

35.759

3.349

0.0507

12.200^B

2.586

0.0038*

 Mesocephalic

27.919^B

2.810

9.438^AB

2.777

34.677

3.393

12.626^B

2.388

 Dolichocephalic

27.409^B

2.550

10.223^A

2.724

33.869

3.294

13.675^A

2.783

Breathing pattern

 Nasal

28.510

2.897

0.4446

9.432

2.761

0.9774

35.315

3.566

0.5095

12.895

2.692

0.5390

 Mouth

27.657

2.497

9.146

2.753

34.150

2.964

12.222

2.378