Table 3 Multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression analyzing the relationships among health status, sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics, and oral variables with the dichotomized outcome variable presence of caries (d_1-5 fs/D_1-5FS > 0 or = 0)

Health status

 Control group

1

Ref

1

Ref

 JIA group

1.07 (0.70–1.65)

0.77

1.02 (0.62–1.66)

0.95

Educational level of mother

 University/college

1

Ref

1

Ref

 High school/vocational school

1.93 (1.20–3.09)

0.01

2.07 (1.24–3.46)

0.01

Educational level of father

 University/college

1

Ref

 High school/vocational school

1.38 (0.87–2.19)

0.17

Household structure

 Two caregivers*

1

Ref

 One caregiver

1.36 (0.78–2.37)

0.29

Toothpaste

 Fluoride toothpaste

1

Ref

 Fluoride-free toothpaste**

1.11 (0.40–3.08)

0.84

Frequency of toothbrushing

 Twice a day or more

1

Ref

 Once a day or less **

1.35 (0.81–2.25)

0.26

Frequency of tooth flossing during the last 3 months

 Daily or more

1

Ref

 Several times weekly or less**

0.98 (0.44–2.18)

0.96

During toothbrushing, gingival bleeding occurs

 Never

1

Ref

1

Ref

 Sometimes or more **

1.69 (1.09–2.64)

0.02

1.52 (0.94–2.48)

0.09

During toothbrushing, pain or discomfort occurs

 No

1

Ref

 Yes**

3.11 (1.62–5.98)

< 0.01

Jaw

 Mandible

1

Ref

 Maxilla

1.01 (0.84–1.20)

0.96

Side

 Right side

1

Ref

 Left side

1.01 (0.84–1.21)

0.91

Surface

 A: Buccal

1^BDE

< 0.01*

1^BDE

< 0.01***

 B: Distal

0.45 (0.31–0.65)^ADE

< 0.01

0.40 (0.27–0.61)^ADE

< 0.01

 C: Lingual

0.66 (0.46–0.93)^DE

0.02

0.63 (0.43–0.91)^DE

0.01

 D: Mesial

1.67 (1.23–2.26)^ABCE

< 0.01

1.66 (1.21–2.29)^ABCE

< 0.01

 E: Occlusal

4.86 (3.65–6.45)^ABCD

< 0.01

5.06 (3.76–6.83)^ABCD

< 0.01

ICC

0.52

0.56