Table 2 Sociodemographic, oral, sexual and mental health risk factors associated with mental health problems in adolescents 10–19 years old resident in Ile-Ife, Nigeria [N = 964]
Risk factors | Psychological distress | Depressive symptoms | Suicidal ideation | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High n (%) | Low n (%) | P value | Present n (%) | Absent n (%) | P value | Present n (%) | Absent n (%) | P value | |
Sociodemographic factors | |||||||||
Age | |||||||||
 Mean (SD) | 15.5 (2.5) | 14.4 (2.6) | < 0.001* | 16.0 (2.4) | 14.5 (2.6) | < 0.001* | 16.0 (2.33) | 14.6 (2.7) | 0.003* |
Sex | |||||||||
 Male | 102 (51.8) | 439 (57.2) | 0.17 | 28 (44.4) | 513 (56.9) | 0.05 | 17 (56.7) | 524 (56.1) | 0.95 |
 Female | 95 (48.2) | 328 (42.8) | 35 (55.6) | 388 (43.1) |  | 13 (43.3) | 410 (43.9) | ||
Socioeconomic status | |||||||||
 High | 50 (25.4) | 265 (34.6) | 0.04* | 25 (39.7) | 290 (32.2) | 0.32 | 13 (43.3) | 302 (32.3) | 0.25 |
 Middle | 78 (39.6) | 251 (32.7) | 22 (34.9) | 307 (34.1) | 11 (36.7) | 318 (34.0) | |||
 Low | 69 (35.0) | 251 (32.7) | 16 (25.4) | 304 (33.7) | 6 (20.0) | 314 (33.6) | |||
Oral health risk factors | |||||||||
Brushing twice a day | |||||||||
 Yes | 23 (11.6) | 65 (8.5) | 0.16 | 10 (15.9) | 78 (8.7) | 0.06 | 3 (10.0) | 85 (9.1) | 0.75 |
 No | 174 (88.3) | 702 (91.5) | 53 (84.1) | 823 (91.3) | 27 (90.0) | 849 (90.9) | |||
Daily consumption of refined carbohydrate in-between-meals | |||||||||
 Yes | 85 (43.1) | 521 (67.9) | < 0.001* | 32 (50.8) | 574 (63.7) | 0.04* | 19 (63.3) | 587 (62.8) | 0.96 |
 No | 112 (56.9) | 246 (32.1) | 31 (49.2) | 327 (36.3) | 11 (36.7) | 347 (37.2) | |||
Use of dental floss | |||||||||
 Yes | 42 (21.3) | 73 (9.5) | < 0.001* | 8 (12.7) | 107 (11.9) | 0.84 | 3 (10.0) | 112 (12.0) | 1.00 |
 No | 155 (78.7) | 694 (90.5) | 55 (87.3) | 794 (88.1) | 27 (90.0) | 822 (88.0) | |||
Dental service utilization | |||||||||
 Yes | 2 (1.0) | 9 (1.2) | 1.00 | 1 (1.6) | 10 (1.1) | 0.53 | 0 (0.0) | 11 (1.2) | 1.00 |
 No | 195 (99.0) | 758 (98.8) | 62 (98.4) | 891 (98.9) | 30 (100.0) | 923 (98.8) | |||
Dental anxiety | |||||||||
 Low | 49 (24.9) | 244 (31.8) | < 0.001* | 21 (33.3) | 272 (30.2) | 0.24 | 8 (26.7) | 285 (30.5) | 0.94 |
 Moderate | 62 (31.5) | 305 (39.8) | 23 (36.5) | 344 (38.2) | 13 (43.3) | 354 (37.9) | |||
 High | 35 (17.8) | 75 (9.8) | 11 (17.5) | 99 (11.0) | 3 (10.0) | 107 (11.5) | |||
 Severe | 51 (25.9) | 143 (18.6) | 8 (12.7) | 186 (20.6) | 6 (20.0) | 188 (20.1) | |||
Sexual health risk factors | |||||||||
Sexually active | |||||||||
 Yes | 24 (12.2) | 52 (6.8) | 0.01* | 19 (30.2) | 57 (6.3) | < 0.001* | 3 (100.0) | 73 (7.8) | 0.73 |
 No | 173 (87.8) | 715 (93.2) | 44 (69.8) | 844 (93.7) | 27 (90.0) | 861 (92.2) | |||
Transactional sex (n = 76) | |||||||||
 Yes | 3 (12.5) | 2 (3.8) | 0.32 | 3 (15.8) | 2 (3.5) | 0.10 | 0 (0.0) | 5 (6.8) | 1.00 |
 No | 21 (87.5) | 50 (96.2) | 16 (84.2) | 55 (96.5) | 3 (100.0) | 68 (93.2) | |||
Did not use condom at last sexual intercourse (n = 76) | |||||||||
 Yes | 6 (25.0) | 19 (36.5) | 0.32 | 6 (31.6) | 19 (33.3) | 0.89 | 0 (0.0) | 25 (34.2) | 0.55 |
 No | 18 (75.0) | 33 (63.5) | 13 (68.4) | 38 (66.7) | 3 (100.0) | 48 (65.8) | |||
Multiple sex partners (n = 76) | |||||||||
 Yes | 6 (25.0) | 11 (21.2) | 0.71 | 8 (42.1) | 9 (15.8) | 0.02* | 0 (0.0) | 17 (23.3) | 1.00 |
 No | 18 (75.0) | 41 (78.8) | 11 (57.9) | 48 (84.2) | 3 (100.0) | 56 (76.7) | |||
Mental health risk factors | |||||||||
Consumption of alcohol | |||||||||
 Yes | 31 (15.7) | 61 (8.0) | 0.001* | 18 (28.6) | 74 (8.2) | < 0.001* | 10 (33.3%) | 82 (8.8%) | < 0.001* |
 No | 166 (84.3) | 706 (92.0) | 45 (71.4) | 827 (91.8) | 20 (66.7%) | 852 (91.2%) |  | ||
Use of psychoactive substances | |||||||||
 Yes | 13 (6.6) | 30 (3.9) | 0.10 | 12 (19.0) | 31 (3.4) | < 0.001* | 4 (13.3%) | 39 (4.2%) | 0.04* |
 No | 184 (93.4) | 737 (96.1) | 51 (81.0) | 870 (96.6) | 26 (86.7%) | 895 (95.8%) | |||
Cigarette smoking | |||||||||
 Yes | 5 (2.5) | 5 (0.7) | 0.04* | 5 (7.9) | 5 (0.6) | < 0.001* | 2 (6.7) | 8 (0.9) | 0.04* |
 No | 192 (97.5) | 762 (99.3) | 58 (92.1) | 896 (99.4) | 28 (93.3) | 926 (99.1) | |||