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Table 5 Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for orofacial clefts after additionally adjusting for PM10 during the first trimester of pregnancy

From: First trimester exposure to ambient gaseous air pollutants and risk of orofacial clefts: a case–control study in Changsha, China

Air pollutant/time scale

Overall cases

(n = 446)

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate

(n = 371)

Cleft palate only

(n = 75)

aOR (95% CI)

aOR (95% CI)

aOR (95% CI)

Per IQR increase in CO

   

 1st month

1.41 (1.20, 1.67)

1.49 (1.25, 1.78)

1.23 (0.80, 1.91)

 2nd month

1.36 (1.16, 1.60)

1.40 (1.18, 1.67)

1.16 (0.74, 1.81)

 3rd month

1.49 (1.27, 1.75)

1.55 (1.30, 1.84)

1.17 (0.76, 1.81)

Per IQR increase in NO2

   

 1st month

1.78 (1.49, 2.12)

1.79 (1.48, 2.18)

1.88 (1.19, 2.96)

 2nd month

1.66 (1.39, 2.00)

1.59 (1.30, 1.94)

1.98 (1.25, 3.14)

 3rd month

1.50 (1.26, 1.79)

1.44 (1.18, 1.75)

1.98 (1.28, 3.07)

Per IQR increase in SO2

   

 1st month

1.20 (1.01, 1.44)

1.21 (1.00, 1.46)

1.17 (0.71, 1.94)

 2nd month

1.31 (1.09, 1.58)

1.35 (1.11, 1.65)

1.09 (0.63, 1.88)

 3rd month

1.35 (1.14, 1.60)

1.39 (1.16, 1.67)

0.96 (0.60, 1.54)

Per IQR increase in O3

   

 1st month

0.87 (0.71, 1.06)

0.86 (0.69, 1.06)

0.93 (0.57, 1.52)

 2nd month

0.94 (0.78, 1.14)

0.94 (0.76, 1.16)

0.89 (0.55, 1.43)

 3rd month

1.06 (0.87, 1.30)

1.11 (0.89, 1.39)

0.89 (0.55, 1.43)

  1. In the models of overall cases and CL/P, adjusted covariates including maternal age, maternal educational level, gravidity, infant sex, plurality, temperature, relative humidity and PM10. In the model of CPO, only maternal age, maternal educational level, gravidity, plurality, temperature, relative humidity and PM10 were adjusted
  2. aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval