Classifying and standardizing panfacial trauma according to anatomic categories and Facial Injury Severity Scale: a 10-year retrospective study

Table 5 Statistical analysis of concomitant injuries and complications according to panfacial fracture types

Characteristic		FULM (n = 60)	FUL (n = 39)	ULM (n = 127)	FUM (n = 1)
Major concomitant injuries
p value	Upper/lower limb injury (n = 79)	0.963	0.004^a	0.043*	/
	Cervical spine injury (n = 20)	0.879	0.375	0.395	/
	Thorax injury (n = 79)	0.024*	0.092	0.539	/
	Cranio-Cerebral injury (n = 104)	0.000*	0.989	0.000^a	/
	Abdomen injury (n = 22)	0.925	0.282	0.447	/
Complications
p value	Pneumocranium (n = 34)	0.001*	0.120	0.000^a	/
	Cerebral hematoma (n = 48)	0.000*	0.859	0.000^a	/
	CSF leakage (n = 46)	0.010*	0.177	0.001^a	/
	Hypoacusis (n = 12)	0.010*	0.406	0.106	/
	Diplopia (n = 33)	0.464	0.001*	0.091	/
	Hypopsia/blindness (n = 71)	0.024*	0.004*	0.000^a	/
	Ocular movement limit (n = 49)	0.010*	0.050	0.000^a	/
	Infraorbital nerve palsy (n = 104)	0.097	0.691	0.098	/
	Epiphora (n = 31)	0.220	0.393	0.092	/
	Anosmia (n = 26)	0.141	0.163	0.020^a	/
	Ptosis (n = 35)	0.254	0.052	0.015^a	/
	Traumatic facial palsy (n = 20)	0.151	0.033^a	0.704	/
	Malocclusion (n = 189)	0.621	0.007^a	0.015*	/
	Limited mouth opening (n = 152)	0.645	0.393	0.334	/

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