Classifying and standardizing panfacial trauma according to anatomic categories and Facial Injury Severity Scale: a 10-year retrospective study

Table 8 Statistical analysis of concomitant injuries and complications according to modified panfacial fracture patterns

Characteristics		FULM FISS ≥ 11	FULM FISS < 11	FUL FISS ≥ 11	FUL FISS < 11	ULM FISS ≥ 11	ULM FISS < 11
Major concomitant injuries
p value	Upper/lower limb injury	0.644	0.488	0.164	0.048^a	0.377	0.177
	Cervical spine injury	0.737	0.390	1.000	0.347	0.057	0.423
	Thorax injury	0.010*	1.000	0.177	0.514	0.050	0.016^a
	Cranio-cerebral injury	0.000*	0.062	0.895	0.872	0.764	0.000^a
	Abdomen injury	0.532	0.608	1.000	0.301	0.295	0.898
Complications
p value	Early surgical airway	0.000*	1.000	0.276	0.165	0.053	0.002^a
	Pneumocranium	0.000*	1.000	0.234	0.580	0.217	0.002^a
	Cerebral hematoma	0.000*	0.025*	0.795	0.818	0.393	0.000^a
	CSF leakage	0.006*	1.000	0.671	0.151	0.566	0.000^a
	Hypoacusis	0.016*	1.000	1.000	0.620	0.861	0.356
	Diplopia	0.566	1.000	0.001*	0.538	0.274	0.010^a
	Hypopsia/blindness	0.002*	0.245	0.033*	0.082	0.127	0.001^a
	Ocular movement limit	0.043	0.292	0.170	0.207	0.393	0.002^a
	Infraorbital nerve palsy	0.050	0.958	0.526	0.903	0.490	0.018^a
	Epiphora	0.936	0.044*	0.155	1.000	0.073	0.001^a
	Anosmia	0.255	0.719	0.431	0.735	0.131	0.000^a
	Ptosis	0.898	0.028*	0.264	0.130	0.656	0.030^a
	Traumatic facial palsy	0.370	0.480	0.275	0.347	0.178	0.423
	Malocclusion	0.948	0.446	0.110	0.041^a	0.137	0.218
	Limited mouth opening	0.812	0.868	0.573	0.553	0.320	0.892

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