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Table 3 Multivariable models for dental fluorosis

From: Hydrogeogenic fluoride in groundwater and dental fluorosis in Thai agrarian communities: a prevalence survey and case–control study

Variable

Model 1, crude model (unadjusted)

Model 2, adjusted for child’s demographic factors

Model 3, adjusted for caregiver factors

Model 4, adjusted for breastfeeding

Model 5, adjusted for oral health behaviors

Model 6, adjusted for all covariates

PR [95% CI]

P-value

PR [95% CI]

P-value

PR [95% CI]

P-value

PR [95% CI]

P-value

PR [95% CI]

P-value

PR [95% CI]

P-value

Main exposure variable

Time-averaged fluoride concentration (ppm)*

 < 0.7

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

Reference

 0.7–1.49

1.62 [0.78, 3.34]

0.195

1.62 [0.79, 3.32]

0.190

1.61 [0.28, 9.21]

0.592

3.08 [0.47, 20.04]

0.238

3.44 [0.48, 24.62]

0.218

1.64 [0.24, 11.24]

0.615

 ≥ 1.5

2.75 [1.42, 5.31]

0.003

2.78 [1.45, 5.32]

0.002

2.81 [0.51, 15.51]

0.235

5.30 [0.84, 33.45]

0.076

6.46 [0.94, 44.48]

0.058

2.85 [0.44, 18.52]

0.273

Child’s demographic factors

Sex

 Female

  

Reference

      

Reference

 Male

  

1.06 [0.86, 1.29]

0.596

      

1.07 [0.83, 1.37]

0.615

Age (year)

 < 8

  

Reference

      

Reference

 ≥ 8

  

1.19 [0.95, 1.50]

0.125

      

1.00 [0.75, 1.35]

0.976

Caregiver factors

Caregiver’s education

 ≥ Secondary school

   

Reference

    

Reference

 < Secondary school

   

1.25 [0.92, 1.69]

0.149

    

1.24 [0.91, 1.69]

0.178

Sufficiency of family income

 Sufficient

    

Reference

    

Reference

 Insufficient

    

0.84 [0.55, 1.30]

0.442

    

0.81 [0.51, 1.29]

0.378

Breastfeeding factor

Breastfeeding

 Yes

      

Reference

  

Reference

 No

      

1.28 [1.04, 1.57]

0.019

  

1.31 [0.97, 1.77]

0.078

Oral health behaviors

Brushing frequency before 2 years old

 No brushing

        

Reference

Reference

 Once a day

        

1.29 [0.80, 2.08]

0.303

1.24 [0.76, 2.03]

0.397

 ≥ 2 times a day

        

0.94 [0.55, 1.59]

0.805

0.95 [0.55, 1.65]

0.854

Brushing frequency at ≥ 2 years old

 Once a day

        

Reference

Reference

 ≥ 2 times a day

        

1.18 [0.89, 1.56]

0.253

1.16 [0.83, 1.63]

0.378

Fluoride toothpaste use

 No

        

Reference

Reference

 Yes

        

1.06 [0.68, 1.65]

0.797

1.23 [0.46, 3.28]

0.685

Toothpaste size

 Pea-sized

        

Reference

Reference

 > Pea-sized

        

1.20 [0.96, 1.50]

0.108

1.24 [0.94, 1.63]

0.130

  1. Multivariable models were estimated by Poisson regression with robust standard errors
  2. PR, Prevalence ratio
  3. *For each child, available measures of groundwater fluoride concentrations in drinking water sources supplying the child’s residence were time-averaged over the period of birth to the survey
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BMC Oral Health

ISSN: 1472-6831

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