Table 1 Metabolite microenvironment of oral lesions in relation to viral infection particularly coronavirus including SARS-CoV-2
From: Estimating the viral loads of SARS-CoV-2 in the oral cavity when complicated with periapical lesions
Metabolite | Class | Detected levels of metabolites in oral cavity | Reported levels of metabolites during coronavirus infection | Reported effect of metabolites on coronavirus infection | Reported antiviral activity of metabolites | Reported effect of metabolites on IL-6 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Oral lesions | Healthy control | ||||||||
Periapical abscess | Periapical granuloma | Radicular cyst | |||||||
Palmitic acid | Saturated | 6.06 | 3.28 | 9.51 | 13.51 | Increased [29] | Decrease the infection [30] | Weak antiviral [31] | Increase [32] |
Stearic acid | 5.99 | 4.40 | 7.54 | 11.70 | Increased [29] | NR | Weak antiviral [31] | ||
Myristic acid | 0.24 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.26 | NR | Antiviral [37] | Decrease [38] | ||
Octanoic acid | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | NR | NR | Weak antiviral [39] | No effect [40] | |
l-lactic acid | 0.00 | 1.48 | 0.00 | 0.00 | Increased [41] | Ongoing clinical trial [42] | Antiviral [43] | ||
Oleic acid (monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid) | Monounsaturated | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.00 | Enhances phagocytic activity of macrophages [47] Inhibit ACE-2 receptors [48] | Decrease [50] | ||
17-Octadecynoic acid | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | NR | NR | NR | No effect [51] | |
Petroselinic acid | 0.00 | 0.16 | 0.00 | 0.00 | NR | NR | Has binding capacity to RBD of coronavirus and to ACE-2 [52] | Anti-inflammatory [53] | |
1-Nonadecene | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.24 | 0.00 | NR | NR | NR | NR | |