Table 1 Characteristics of study participants based on all-cause mortality status

Age

49.32 (17.9)

46.67 (16.7)

68.72 (14.7)

 < .001

Male

16,121 (48.7)

13,838 (47.6)

2283 (57.4)

 < .001

Race

 < .001

White

16,017 (48.4)

13,627 (46.8)

2390 (60.1)

Black

6754 (20.4)

6028 (20.7)

726 (18.3)

Hispanic

7986 (24.1)

7226 (24.8)

760 (19.1)

Other

2314 (7.0)

2212 (7.6)

102 (2.6)

Education

 < .001

Below high school

8896 (26.9)

7225 (24.8)

1671 (42.0)

High school or equivalent

7658 (23.2)

6677 (23.0)

981 (24.7)

Above high school

16,517 (49.9)

15,191 (52.2)

1326 (33.3)

IncPovR

2.59 (1.6)

2.64 (1.6)

2.22 (1.4)

 < .001

BMI (kg/m²)

28.79 (6.6)

28.90 (6.7)

27.99 (6.2)

 < .001

Femoral neck BMD^c (gm/cm²)

0.82 (0.15)

0.83 (0.1)

0.74 (0.2)

 < .001

Smoking

Never

17,581 (53.2)

15,962 (54.9)

1619 (40.7)

 < .001

Past

8421 (25.5)

6862 (23.6)

1559 (39.2)

 < .001

Current

7069 (21.4)

6269 (21.5)

800 (20.1)

0.042

Physical activities

 < .001

Sedentary

15,959 (48.3)

13,959 (48.0)

2000 (50.3)

Insufficient

4153 (12.6)

3470 (11.9)

683 (17.2)

Moderate

7102 (21.5)

6143 (21.1)

959 (24.1)

Vigorous

5857 (17.7)

5521 (19.0)

336 (8.4)

Systemic diseases

Total CVD

2672 (8.1)

1671 (5.7)

1001 (25.2)

 < .001

Stroke

1126 (3.4)

689 (2.4)

437 (11.0)

 < .001

Diabetes

4353 (13.2)

3316 (11.4)

1037 (26.1)

 < .001

Hypertension

20,274 (61.3)

16,939 (58.2)

3335 (83.8)

 < .001

Cause of death

Maximum follow-up months

96.92 (54.4)

100.25 (54.6)

72.60 (46.2)

 < .001

Heart diseases

686 (2.1)

NA

686 (17.2)

Malignant neoplasms

920 (2.8)

NA

920 (23.1)

Accidents

120 (0.4)

NA

120 (3.0)

Cerebrovascular diseases

144 (0.4)

NA

144 (3.6)

Diabetes MCOD

457 (1.4)

NA

457 (11.5)