Fig. 2

a The MSE path in the LASSO algorithm. The dotted lines in different colors indicate each group of cross-validation samples corresponding to different -log(alpha) with a different MSE. The black solid line is the mean value of five MSE groups. The best alpha is the value with the lowest MSE. Notes: The optimization objectives of LASSO are as follows:

CV, LASSO, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator; MSE, mean square error. b LASSO coefficient solution path for the seven features. c Coefficients in the LASSO model of the seven features. The vertical axis represents the seven key features for modeling. The transverse axis represents the relative weight of these features