From: Oral and dental manifestations of celiac disease in children: a case–control study
Celiac N = 104 | Control N = 104 | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | |||
Brushing teeth | |||
Yes | 63 (60.6) | 48 (46.2) | 0.037*† |
No | 41 (39.4) | 56 (53.8) | |
Daily tooth brushing# | |||
Once daily | 23 (36.5) | 18 (37.5) | 0.535† |
More than once daily | 40 (63.5) | 30 (62.5) | |
Who brushes teeth# | |||
Child | 45 (43.3) | 46 (44.2) | 0.889‡ |
Adult involved | 18 (17.3) | 2 (1.9) | |
Swallow toothpaste (0–6 years) | |||
Yes | 6 (5.8) | 9 (8.7) | 0.421† |
No | 98 (94.2) | 95 (91.3) | |
Water source (0–6 years) | |||
Bottle | 85 (81.7) | 91 (87.5) | 0.249† |
Tap | 19 (18.3) | 13 (12.5) | |
Zamzam (0–6 years) | |||
Yes | 13 (12.5) | 10 (9.6) | 0.507† |
No | 91 (87.5) | 94 (90.4) | |
Sweets daily intake | |||
< 3 times | 80 (76.9) | 74 (71.2) | 0.343† |
≥ 3 times | 24 (23.1) | 30 (28.8) | |
Soft drinks daily intake | |||
< 3 times | 100 (96.2) | 103 (99.0) | 0.369‡ |
≥ 3 times | 4 (3.8) | 1 (1.0) | |
Carbohydrate daily intake | |||
Yes | 79 (76.0) | 85 (81.7) | 0.308† |
No | 25 (24.0) | 19 (18.3) |