Oral and dental manifestations of celiac disease in children: a case–control study

BMC Oral Health

Table 2 Oral health status among the CD and control groups (percentage distribution)

Variables	Celiac N = 104	Control N = 104	P value	OR (95% CI)
Variables	n (%)		P value	OR (95% CI)
RAS
Yes	44 (42.3)	16 (15.4)	< 0.001*^†	4.03 (2.09–7.81)
No	60 (57.7)	88 (84.6)		Ref
DED
Yes	73 (70.2)	36 (34.6)	< 0.001*^†	4.45 (2.48–7.97)
No	31 (29.8)	68 (65.4)		Ref
DED Grade I	51 (49.0)	23 (22.1)	< 0.001**^‡	3.39 (1.86–6.19)
DED Grade II	18 (17.3)	11 (10.6)		1.77 (0.79–3.60)
DED > Grade II	4 (3.8)	2 (1.9)		2.04 (0.37–11.39)
Dental caries experience
Yes	89 (85.6%)	98 (94.2%)	0.038*^†	0.36 (0.14–0.98)
No	15 (14.4%)	6 (5.8%)		Ref
Malocclusion⁂
No/mild	21 (21.4%)	23 (23.5%)	0.732^†	0.89 (0.45–1.74)
Defined	28 (28.6%)	29 (29.6%)	0.875^†	0.95 (0.51–1.76)
Severe	24 (24.5%)	21 (21.4%)	0.610^†	1.19 (0.61–2.32)
Very severe	25 (25.5%)	25 (25.5%)	1.00^†	1.00 (0.53–1.90)
Deep bite	13 (13.3%)	13 (13.3%)	1.00^†	1.00 (0.44–2.28)
Posterior cross bite	13 (13.3%)	8 (8.2%)	0.248^†	1.72 (0.68–4.36)

Bold values indicate significant levels of P values/OR (95% CI)
N total number of participants, n number of participants in each group, CD celiac disease, OR odds ratio, DED Grade I defect in enamel color, such as cream or brown opacity, well defined or diffused, Grade II slight defect in enamel structure as "horizontal grooves or shallow pits.”, Grade III evident defect in enamel structure as "deep horizontal grooves or large opacities of different colors.”, Grade IV severe form of defect in enamel structure as "the shape of the tooth is altered, with pointed cusps.”, DMFT/dmft decayed, missed, filled permanent/primary teeth
^†Chi-squared test
^‡Fisher’s exact test was used when the number of participants is less than 5
*P value < 0.05 using chi-squared test
**P value < 0.05 using Fisher’s exact test
⁂Patients with only primary teeth were not assessed

ISSN: 1472-6831