Table 3 Nine somatic mutations in five of nine cancer-related genes among long-term khat users diagnosed with OSCC

ARID1A

1

20/20

c.5276_5277insG

Insertion

p. E1760fs

Yes

c.5789 C >A

Substitution

p. S1930

Yes

c.5846del A

Deletion

p. H1949fs

Yes

MLH1

6/19

c.542_543delGC

Deletion

p. G181D

Yes

PIK3CA

9

c.1624G >A

Substitution

p. E542K

Yes

20

c.3140 A >G

Substitution

p. H1047R

Yes

ARID2

24

c.1759 A >G

Substitution

p. S587G

Yes

TP53

8

c.845G >C

Substitution

p. R150P

Yes

c.856G >A

Substitution

p. E11Q

Yes