Table 1 Characteristics of all included controlled trails

A. A. Franco (2002)

Brazil

RCT

84

43/41

10.3y

 < 6 mm

18 m

18 m

TMJ examination + Qusetionare + MRI

ac

The findings showed a low prevalence (3.57%) of disc displacement related to functional mandibular advancement in the 112 temporomandibular joints

Aidar et al. 2009

Brazil

NRSI

32

16/16

12.8y

 < 6 mm

12 m

12 m

TMJ examination + Qusetionare

a

In 42 (65.62%) of

the 64 TMJs, after follow-up, the disc had returned to normal limits. In 22 TMJs (34.37%), no changes were observed after follow-up

D.D. Güner (2003)

Turkey

RCT

17

9/8

12.8y

 > 6 mm

6 m

6 m

CBCT + TMJ examination

ac

The results indicate that new bone formation in the mandibular condyles seems to contribute to the increase in mandibular prognathism resulting from functional jaw orthopaedics

Gabriela Modesti-Vedolin et al. (2018)

Brazil

NRSI

18

10/8

8.4y

 < 6 mm

2 m

2 m

TMJ examination + CBCT

b

82.6% to 88.9% of the patients didn’t report the discomfort of TMJs, and no disc displacement was observed

Gero Kinzinger et al. (2006)

Germany

NRSI

15

8/7

15y

 > 6 mm

5 m

7.5 m

TMJ examination + MRI

c

Comparison of baseline and post-treatment findings revealed that none of the joints exhibited a treatment-induced

deterioration in the disc-condyle relationship, while the relationship improved in five joints

Hans Pancherz et al. (1998)

Germany [34]

NRSI

20

10/10

12y

 < 6 mm

7.4 m

5y

Questionaire + TMJ examination + MRI

cde

When summarizing the anamnestic, clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings five

subjects (25%) exhibited moderate to severe signs of temporomandibular disorders ranging from partial to

total disk displacement or “deviation in form” of the condyle. Another three subjects (15%) showed mild

symptoms of temporomandibular disorders with either small condylar displacement or subclinical soft tissue lesion

HY Elfeky (2018)

Egypt

RCT

40

0/40

12.5y

 < 6 mm

9.4 m

6 m

CBCT + TMJ examination

a

Results of the net effect of the Twin Block on the osseous

TMJ components and joint spaces

showed a significant change in the condylar dimensions and significant forward positioning of the right and left condyle

Ken Hansen et al. (1990)

Germany

NRSI

38

19/19

12.4y

 < 6 mm

6 m

7.5y

Questionaire + TMJ examination + CBCT

df

No tenderness or lateral or posterior palpation of the TMJ was recorded in any of the subjects

Niko C. Bock et al. (2018)

Germany

NRSI

72

32/40

13.6y

 > 6 mm

1.8y

18.3y

TMJ examination

bdf

79–91% of the patients were free of TMD signs and symptoms (RDC/TMD and DC/TMD). The TMD prevalence fluctuated: 21% at the beginning of treatment, 9% after treatment, 15% after follow-up

Sabine Ruf et al. (2000)

Germany

NRSI

62

27/35

14.4y

 > 6 mm

7.2 m

1y

MRI + TMJ examination

def

Over the entire observation period from before

treatment to 1 year after treatment, bite-jumping with the Herbst appliance: (1) did not result in any

muscular TMD; (2) reduced the prevalence of capsulitis and structural condylar bony changes; (3) did not

induce disc displacement in subjects with a physiologic pretreatment disc position; (4) resulted in a stable repositioning of the disc in subjects with a pretreatment partial disc displacement with reduction; and (5) could not recapture the disc in subjects with a pretreatment total disc displacement with or without reduction

Hans Pancherz et al. (2015)

Germany

NRSI

28

24/4

13.4y

 < 6 mm

1y

31.8y

CBCT + TMJ examination

bcd

At the

32-year follow-up, six patients had TMJ clicking and one patient had TMJ pain

GSM Kinzinger et al. (2006)

Germany

NRSI

20

11/9

16y

 < 6 mm

7.3 m

3.7y

MRI + TMJ examination

abd

Upon adoption of the therapeutic position, the condyles were displaced from the centric position within the fossa toward caudal and ventral. At the end of treatment, they returned to their original position

Fangfang Gong et al. (2011)

China

NRSI

22

8/14

11.7y

 < 6 mm

9.3 m

None

CBCT

bcf

The mandibular condylar growth was directed

Superiorly (2.7 mm) and posteriorly (3.6 mm) (P < 0.01), the glenoid fossa was displaced in a inferior (1.5 mm) (P < 0.01) and

posterior (0.8 mm)(P < 0.05) direction, the effective TMJ changes showed a pattern similar to condylar growth in a superior

(4.2 mm) and posterior (2.7 mm) direction(P < 0.01), the mandibular rotation was slightly clockwise(P > 0.05)

Stephen D. Keeling (1995)

USA

RCT

131

52/79

9.5y

 > 6 mm

6 m

6 m

TMJ examination

bdef

Subjects with a TMJ sound, joint

pain, and/or muscle pain at follow-up were more likely those who had the sign at baseline (P < .01). Early treatment with bionators did not place healthy children without these signs at risk for developing these signs

Weiwei Chen (2016)

China

RCT

15/15

9/6

12.4y

 < 6 mm

7 m

2y

CBCT

ac

CBCT showed a crescent-shaped hyperplasia at the posterior-superior border of the condyles that the outer edge was highly

dense and the inner region was lowly dense in 14 patients

Yuan-yuan Jiang (2020)

China

RCT

26

13/13

10.8y

 > 6 mm

6 m

8 m

CBCT

ac

Twin-block group exhibited more obvious condyle-fossa modifications and joint positional changes than control group