Table 2 Bias assessment using the ROBINS-1 tool
ROBINS-1: risk of bias in non-randomized studies of the effects of interventions | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Confounding | Selection bias | Classification of interventions | Deviation from interventions | Missing data | Measurement of outcome | Selection of reported result |
Aidar et al. (2009) | Low risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Gabriela Modesti-Vedolin et al. | Low risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Gero Kinzinger et al. | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Hans Pancherz et al. (1998) | Moderate risk | Low risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Ken Hansen et al. (1990) | Moderate risk | Low risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Niko C. Bock et al. (2018) | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
Sabine Ruf et al. (2000) | Low risk | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Hans Pancherz et al. (2015) | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |
GSM Kinzinger et al. (2006) | High risk | Moderare risk | High risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
Fangfang Gong et al. (2011) | High risk | High risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Moderate risk |