Table 2 Biomaterials’ characteristics
From: Does the incorporation of strontium into calcium phosphate improve bone repair? A meta-analysis
Study | Biomaterials | Synthesis method | Crystallinity | Particle size | Implant morphology | Porosity | Stoichiometry | Thermal treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baier [22] | CPCa/SPC | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Carmo [23] | CHA/SrCHA | Precipitation wet method | NA | 425- 600 μm | Microspheres | SrCHA presented fewer surface pores than CHA | NA | NA |
Cassino [24] | HA/HASr/HAGa | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Heated at 1100 °C for 3 h |
Chandran [25] | Sham/HA/SrHA | HA powder: wet precipitation method | SrHA did not show any phase change with that of HA | 350–400 microns | Micro-granules | SrHA micro-granule majority of pore size: 45–65 µm HA micro-granule: 20–40 µm | HA -Ca/P ratio = 1.67 | The dried blocks were biscuit fired at 600 °C to expel the additives and sintered at 1175 °C |
Chandran [26] | SrHA—Ca9Sr1(PO4)6(OH)2 /HA–Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 cHA/cSrHA | SrHA: wet precipitation method | NA | NA | Cylinder | HA: 409 ± 49.39 µm SrHA:265 ± 33.45 µm | NA | Sintered at a high temperature of 1175 °C |
Cheng [27] | Sham/CPCa/Sr-CPC | NA | NA | NA | Paste | NA | NA | NA |
Dagang [28] | HAC/Sr-HAC | NA | NA | NA | Cylinder | NA | NA | NA |
Elgali [29] | DBB/HA/SrHA/Sham | HA powde: standardized precipitation method | NA | NA | Granules (GBR Membrane) | NA | HA: Ca/P = 1.67 | NA |
Ge [13] | PLLA/HA/PLLA/Sr-HA/PLLA | NA | NA | NA | Discs | Sr-HA/PLLA: highly porous and interconnected | Ca/P molar ratio = 1.54 | NA |
Gu [30] | HA/Sr-HA | NA | NA | NA | Cuboid | HA: Pore size:140 ~ 160 μm Porosity: about 50% | NA | NA |
Gu [31] | HA/CPP/SCPP | NA | Sr-doping increased CPP crystal grain size | NA | Cylinder | SCPP, CPP and HA scaffolds possessed interconnected porous network, large pore size (100–400 μm) and an overall porosity of 65% | Ca/Sr molar ratio = 92:8 | NA |
Guo [32] | nano-HA/SrR nano-HA | Nano-Ha: hydrothermal transformation method | NA | Nano-Ha: irregular in shape with size of 300–450 uM | Granule | NA | NA | NA |
Hu [33] | Blank control/HA/Sr-HA | NA | Sr-doping increased HA crystallinity | NA | NA | Both HA and SrHA scaffolds have a porosity of 40%; sr-doping did not affect porosity of HA scaffolds | NA | Temperature was maintained at 1050 °C for 4 min |
Kang [34] | Autogenous cancellous bone/SrCPP/CPP | NA | NA | NA | Cylinder | The porosity of all scaffolds is around 86% | Ca/Sr molar ratio = 92:8 | NA |
Kaygili [35] | HA/SrHA | Sol–gel technique | Crystallite size: 21–27 nm Crystallinity: 69–87% | NA | NA | NA | NA | Calcining at 750 °C for 1.5 h in an electric furnace |
Kuang [36] | CPCb/Sr-CPC | NA | NA | NA | Cylinder | CPC: 2.15 ± 2.21% 5% Sr-CPC: 1.62 ± 2.42% 10% Sr-CPC: 0.32 ± 1.52% | Sr/(Sr/Ca) molar ratio: 5% and 10%, | NA |
Li [14] | HA/SrHA | HA + 10%SrHA: co-precipitation | NA | 2 & 5 μm | Rod-shaped | NA | (Ca + Sr)/P = 1.67 | Calcined at 1050 °C for 0.5 h |
Liao [37] | Blank/HA/Sr-HA | NA | NA | NA | Cuboid | HA: Pore size:140 ~ 160 μm Porosity: about 50% | NA | NA |
Luo [38] | 3D printed scaffolds: HA/Sr-HA | HA and Sr-HA powders: biomimetic mineralization process HA and Sr-HA scaffolds: 3-D printing | Crystallinity did not seem to change | NA | Discs | Pore size: 800–1000 μm Porosity: HA: 59.3 ± 6.4% Sr-HA: 58.5 ± 3.6% | Sr-HA: (Sr + Ca)/P ratio = 1.58 Sr-HA: Sr/(Sr + Ca) molar ratio = 5.8% | NA |
Machado [39] | Blood clots/HA/SrHA | NA | HA with more crystallinity than SrHA | NA | Microspheres | NA | NA | SrHA + HA: Sintered to 1100 °C in a muffle furnace for 27 h |
Masaeli [40] | Control/CPCc/SrCPC | NA | Sr-doping alters the crystal structure | CPC: 3Â mm | Powder | NA | NA | NA |
Reitmaier [41] | CPCa/SrCPC | NA | NA | NA | Unloaded: Cylinder Loaded: Wedge-shaped | Macroporosity of the printed scaffolds: 50% Pore size: approximately 590 µm | Sr/Ca = 0.123 | NA |
Salamanna [42] | HA/SrHA/HA-AL7/HA-AL28 | Synthesized in N2 atmosphere using 50 ml of solution | Sr-doping reduced the crystals size | NA | Powder | NA | SrHA5: Sr/(Ca + Sr) = 0.05 SrHA10: Sr/(Ca + Sr) = 0.1 | NA |
Tao [10] | Control/CPCb/SrCPC/BSrCPC | NA | NA | NA | Cylinder | NA | NA | NA |
Tao [43] | Control/β-TCP/Srβ-TCP/Asp-Sr β-TCP | NA | NA | NA | Cylinder | Sr/β-TCP scaffolds displayed a porosity of 22.1 vol%, the average pore diameter was 1.5 μm | NA | Fired at 1200 °C for 3 h |
Thormann [44] | Sham/CPCa/SrCPC | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Sr/Ca ratio = 0.123 | NA |
Tian [45] | CPP/SrCPP | NA | The crystal grain size of SCPP was larger | NA | Cylinder | The measured porosity value was about 65% for both scaffolds | NA | NA |
Tohidnezhad [46] | Sham/β-TCP/Srβ-TCP | NA | NA | NA | Cylinder | Porosity: β-TCP + Sr Scaffolds: 22.1 vol%. Average pore diameter: 1.5 µm | NA | The filled wax models were fired at 1200 °C for 3 h |
Valiense [47] | CHA/SrCHA | NA | NA | 425—600 μm | Spheres | NA | NA | NA |
Vestermark [48] | HA/SrHA/Allograft | NA | NA | NA | Cylinder | NA | NA | NA |
Xie [15] | CPP/SrCPP | Gravity sintering | NA | NA | Cylinder | NA | Ca/Sr = 92/8 | NA |
Yu [49] | Coll scaffold/(APMs/coll scaffold)/(SrAPMs/coll Scaffold) | SrAPMs: microwave-hydrothermal process | NA | NA | Cylinder | The Coll, APMs/coll and SrAPMs/coll scaffolds were highly porous; pore sizes ranging from 100 to 300 µm | Sr/(Sr + Ca) molar ratio = 0.1 | NA |
Yuan [17] | HA/SrHA/(HA/G3-K PS)/(SrHA/G3-K PS) | Sol–gel technology | NA | NA | Gel | NA | Ca + Sr/P: 1.5–2 | NA |
Zarins [11] | Sham/(HA/TCP)/Sr + (HA/TCP) | NA | NA | Sintered ceramic granules: 0.5—1 mm | Granules | Micro porosity and grain size of granules: 400 nm—1 µm | Ca/P and (Ca + Sr)/P molar ratio = 1.67 | One to two grams of synthesized calcium phosphate powders were thermally treated at 1100 °C for 1 h |
Zhao [16] | WCP/SrWCP/Sr-Ran + WCP | The microwave-assisted H2O2 foaming method. Hydrothermal treatment | NA | 300–450 μm | Cylinder | Highly porous with macropores pore size ~ 100 μm | Sr/(Ca + Sr) molar ratio = 10% | Sintered at 1100 °C for 2 h at a rate of 5 °C/min increment to 1100 °C |