Table 2 Distribution of covariables by edentate status and crude odds ratio of covariables for edentulism (n = 12,856)

Sex

male

5878 (92.0)

514 (8.0)

Reference

female

5795 (89.9)

653 (10.1)

1.32 (1.16–1.50)***

Age

50-59

5639 (97.2)

164 (2.8)

Reference

60-69

3757 (91.5)

347 (8.5)

3.36 (2.70–4.18)***

70-79

1925 (81.0)

545 (19.0)

9.94 (7.64–12.91)***

80-

349 (62.9)

206 (37.1)

24.20 (17.11–34.22)***

Residence

Urban

5647 (92.4)

464 (7.6)

Reference

Rural

6027 (89.6)

700 (10.4)

1.49 (1.12–1.98)**

Education

No formal education

2350 (82.3)

505 (17.7)

6.83 (4.12–11.32)***

Less than primary

2200 (89.6)

255 (10.4)

3.51 (2.12–5.81)***

Primary completed

2522 (92.5)

205 (7.5)

2.30 (1.36–3.88)**

Secondary completed

2448 (95.0)

129 (5.0)

1.49 (0.91–2.45)

High school completed

1587 (96.8)

52 (3.2)

0.95 (0.56–1.59)

University and above

565 (96.7)

19 (3.3)

Reference

Household income quintile

Q1 (lowest)

1740 (84.6)

316 (15.4)

3.69 (2.69–5.05)***

Q2

2057 (89.1)

252 (10.9)

2.16 (1.52–3.07)***

Q3

2349 (89.8)

267 (10.2)

1.91 (1.41–2.59) ***

Q4

2812 (93.5)

196 (6.5)

1.31 (0.94–1.82)

Q5 (highest)

2669 (95.1)

137 (4.9)

Reference

Marital status

married

10114 (92.4)

837 (7.6)

Reference

unmarried

1548 (82.4)

322 (17.6)

2.61 (2.21–3.07)***

Smoking status

Never smoker

7434 (90.8)

755 (9.2)

Reference

former smoker

729 (86.4)

115 (13.6)

1.59 (1.23–2.06)***

Current smoker, not daily

303 (94.4)

18 (5.6)

0.59 (0.36–0.96)*

Current daily smoker

3158 (92.1)

272 (7.9)

0.79 (0.66–0.95)*

Numbers of chronic diseases

No chronic diseases

7246 (92.4)

598 (7.6)

Reference

1 chronic disease

3076 (89.9)

344 (10.1)

1.39 (1.16–1.67)***

2 chronic diseases

1056 (86.2)

170 (13.8)

2.16 (1.73–2.71)***

3-6 chronic diseases

291 (83.8)

56 (16.2)

2.68 (1.86–3.85)***