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Table 4 Measurements of airway indexes at different cervical vertebral maturation stage

From: Effects of mouth breathing on maxillofacial and airway development in children and adolescents with different cervical vertebral maturation stages: a cross-sectional study

Item

CS1

CS2

CS3

CS4

CS5

male

P

female

P

male

P

female

P

male

P

female

P

male

P

female

P

male

P

female

P

PNS-UPW

15.28 ± 4.53

0.000

14.77 ± 3.0

0.000

17.32 ± 5.76

0.006

16.19 ± 4.13

0.000

16.42 ± 4.61

0.010

16.34 ± 4.97

0.001

17.77 ± 1.70

0.061

12.92 ± 3.47

0.001

19.07 ± 5.70

0.330

15.57 ± 3.69

0.004

U-MPW

10.58 ± 2.99

0.339

9.87 ± 2.94

0.048

10.75 ± 1.71

0.001

9.88 ± 2.51

0.609

9.88 ± 2.77

0.965

9.13 ± 2.10

0.099

10.63 ± 2.47

0.667

9.92 ± 1.07

0.518

10.32 ± 2.82

0.745

10.23 ± 1.87

0.987

V-LPW

12.98 ± 3.79

0.258

13.10 ± 3.37

0.009

13.69 ± 3.58

0.743

13.51 ± 3.54

0.122

12.87 ± 3.65

0.392

12.72 ± 4.20

0.085

12.93 ± 5.41

0.772

12.93 ± 3.00

0.151

16.12 ± 3.37

0.180

15.07 ± 3.65

0.971