Openbite group | Crossbite group | Control group |
---|---|---|
*Aged 8–30 years | *Aged 8–30 years | *Aged 8–30 years |
*No vertical contact between upper and lower incisors at the maximum intercuspal position with overbite ≤ 0 mm | *All lower incisors locating on the labial side of the opposing upper teeth at the maximum intercuspal position | *All upper incisors locating on the labial side of the opposing lower teeth at the maximum intercuspal position with normal overjet and overbite |
*No signs or symptoms of TMDa based on recorded clinical data in the patients’ dental records | *No signs or symptoms of TMDa based on recorded clinical data in the patients’ dental records | *No signs or symptoms of TMDa based on recorded clinical data in the patients’ dental records |
*No history of previous orthodontic treatment or restoration of anterior teeth | *No history of previous orthodontic treatment or restoration of anterior teeth | *No history of previous orthodontic treatment or restoration of anterior teeth |
*No history of facial or dental trauma | *No history of facial or dental trauma | *No history of facial or dental trauma |
*No transverse discrepancies with functional displacements | *No transverse discrepancies with functional displacements | *No transverse discrepancies with functional displacements |
*No transverse skeletal discrepancies and no severe anteroposterior, vertical deformities | *No transverse skeletal discrepancies and no severe anteroposterior, vertical deformities | *No transverse skeletal discrepancies and no severe anteroposterior, vertical deformities |
*No history of surgery in the craniofacial region | *No history of surgery in the craniofacial region | *No history of surgery in the craniofacial region |
*No congenital craniofacial syndrome or anomaly (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) | *No congenital craniofacial syndrome or anomaly (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) | *No congenital craniofacial syndrome or anomaly (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) |
*No imaging evidence of condylar or glenoid fossa pathology (e.g., osteoarthritis, joint lesions and cysts, subcortical sclerosis and condylar hyperplasia) | *No imaging evidence of condylar or glenoid fossa pathology (e.g., osteoarthritis, joint lesions and cysts, subcortical sclerosis and condylar hyperplasia) | *No imaging evidence of condylar or glenoid fossa pathology (e.g., osteoarthritis, joint lesions and cysts, subcortical sclerosis and condylar hyperplasia) |