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Table 1 Inclusion criteria for sample selection

From: Age-related variations in position and morphology of the temporomandibular joint in individuals with anterior openbite and crossbite: a multi-cross-sectional comparative study

Openbite group

Crossbite group

Control group

*Aged 8–30 years

*Aged 8–30 years

*Aged 8–30 years

*No vertical contact between upper and lower incisors at the maximum intercuspal position with overbite ≤ 0 mm

*All lower incisors locating on the labial side of the opposing upper teeth at the maximum intercuspal position

*All upper incisors locating on the labial side of the opposing lower teeth at the maximum intercuspal position with normal overjet and overbite

*No signs or symptoms of TMDa based on recorded clinical data in the patients’ dental records

*No signs or symptoms of TMDa based on recorded clinical data in the patients’ dental records

*No signs or symptoms of TMDa based on recorded clinical data in the patients’ dental records

*No history of previous orthodontic treatment or restoration of anterior teeth

*No history of previous orthodontic treatment or restoration of anterior teeth

*No history of previous orthodontic treatment or restoration of anterior teeth

*No history of facial or dental trauma

*No history of facial or dental trauma

*No history of facial or dental trauma

*No transverse discrepancies with functional displacements

*No transverse discrepancies with functional displacements

*No transverse discrepancies with functional displacements

*No transverse skeletal discrepancies and no severe anteroposterior, vertical deformities

*No transverse skeletal discrepancies and no severe anteroposterior, vertical deformities

*No transverse skeletal discrepancies and no severe anteroposterior, vertical deformities

*No history of surgery in the craniofacial region

*No history of surgery in the craniofacial region

*No history of surgery in the craniofacial region

*No congenital craniofacial syndrome or anomaly (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis)

*No congenital craniofacial syndrome or anomaly (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis)

*No congenital craniofacial syndrome or anomaly (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis)

*No imaging evidence of condylar or glenoid fossa pathology (e.g., osteoarthritis, joint lesions and cysts, subcortical sclerosis and condylar hyperplasia)

*No imaging evidence of condylar or glenoid fossa pathology (e.g., osteoarthritis, joint lesions and cysts, subcortical sclerosis and condylar hyperplasia)

*No imaging evidence of condylar or glenoid fossa pathology (e.g., osteoarthritis, joint lesions and cysts, subcortical sclerosis and condylar hyperplasia)

  1. TMD, temporomandibular disorder; TMJ, temporomandibular joint
  2. aThe Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders was used during assessment of the TMD, which contains the muscular and/or TMJ pain, TMJ sounds and the range of the mandibular motions [18]