Table 1 Characteristics of included studies

Hong et al. [19]

Cohort

Korea

2004–2016

134,855

47,123/87,732

No drink

mild drink (one time a month through six times a week)

Heavy drink (one or more times a day)

Periodontitis—Yes or no (based-on questionnaire)

Coffee intake and periodontitis are not significant

Abbass et al. [20]

Cross-sectional

Egypt

2018

343

139/204

 ≤ 2 times/week

3–6 times/week

1–6 times/day

Periodontitis—Clinical and radiographic case identification was performed by trained examiners according to the latest classification of periodontal diseases

Caffeinated drinks were shown to have a positive correlation with periodontitis

Han et al. [22]

Cross-sectional

Korea

2008–2010

16,730

6,716/10,014

 ≤ Once per month

Once per month < x ≤ 3 times per week

Three times per week < x ≤ 6 times per week

Once per day

Twice per day

Three or more per day

Periodontitis—Yes or no based-on community periodontal index score

Consumption of coffee may be considered an independent risk indicator of periodontal disease in Korean male adults

Zuccarello et al. [23]

Cohort

Italy

–

206

98/108

Yes or no information obtained by participants

Chronic periodontitis—The diagnosis was based on the guidelines of the International Workshop for the Classification of Periodontal Disease and Conditions

No association was found between chronic periodontitis and lifestyles (coffee). Only familiarity showed a strong correlation

Koyama et al. [40]

Cross-sectional

Japan

2006

25,078

12,019/13,059

< 1 cups/day

1–2 cups/day

3–4 cups/day

5 ≥ cups/day

Tooth loss—Yes (< 20 teeth) / no (≥ 20 teeth)

People who consumed more cups of coffee had a lower number of teeth

Tanaka et al. [41]

Cross-sectional

Japan

2002–2003

1,002

0/1,002

< 1 time/week

1–6 times/week

1 + time/day

Tooth loss—Yes (+ 1 extraction teeth) / no (no extraction teeth)

Coffee consumption was independently associated with an increased prevalence of tooth loss