Table 1 Socio-demographic, behavioral and clinical characteristics by Study Group
|  | All (N = 544) | HI (N = 181) | HEU (N = 177) | HUU (N = 186) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child demographics | |||||
 Age in months, mean (range) | 86 (41–127) | 87 (41–126) | 86 (42–126) | 86 (42–127) | 0.75 |
 Male, n(%) | 290 (53) | 87 (48) | 95 (54) | 108 (58) | 0.16 |
Maternal/early infant characteristics | |||||
 Maternal age at delivery, mean (SD) | 31.5 (7) | 31.3 (5.8) | 32.1 (6.6) | 31.0 (7.2) | 0.3 |
Maternal educational level, n(%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 None/never been to school | 82 (15.1) | 70 (38.7) | 5 (2.8) | 7 (3.8) |  |
 Primary school | 92 (16.9) | 38 (21.0) | 42 (23.7) | 12(6.5) |  |
 Secondary school | 202 (37.1) | 57 (31.5) | 83 (46.9) | 62 (33.3) |  |
 Above secondary | 149 (27.4) | 8 (4.4) | 43 (24.3) | 98 (52.7) |  |
 Missing | 19 (3.5) | 8 (4.4) | 4 (2.3) | 7 (3.8) |  |
Maternal employment status, n(%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 Professional | 137 (25.2) | 64 (35.4) | 25 (14.1) | 48 (25.8) |  |
 Clerical | 44 (8.1) | 2 (1.1) | 14 (7.9) | 28 (15.1) |  |
 Skilled manual | 142 (26.1) | 31 (17.7) | 55 (31.1) | 56 (29.6) |  |
 Unskilled work | 172 (31.6) | 64 (35.4) | 69 (39.0) | 39 (21.0) |  |
 Unemployed | 13 (2.4) | 6 (3.3) | 7 (4.0) | 0 (0) |  |
 Others | 18 (3.3) | 7(3.9) | 3 (2.3) | 7 (3.8) |  |
Maternal marital status, n(%) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.10 |
 Married | 463 (85.1) | 147 (84.7) | 148 (86.6) | 168 (93.9) |  |
 Separated or divorced | 30 (5.5) | 13 (7.4) | 13 (7.0) | 4 (2.2) |  |
 Single never married | 5 (0.9) | 3 (1.7) | 2 (0.6) | 0 (0) |  |
 Widow | 27 (5.0) | 11 (6.3) | 10 (5.2) | 6 (3.3) |  |
 Others | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0.6) | 1 (0.6) |  |
Mother’s duration on ART in years, mean (SD) | 79.8 (60.0) | 50.6 (47.3) | 98.6 (59.9) | – | < 0.0001 |
Vaginal delivery, n(%) | 461 (85) | 166 (92) | 144 (81) | 151 (81) | 0.01 |
Gestational age, mean (SD) | 38.5 (3.3) | 38.1 (4.8) | 38.7 (2.1) | 38.6 (2.2) | 0.22 |
Birth weight, mean (SD) | 3.10 (0.6) | 3.04 (0.6) | 3.06 (0.6) | 3.18 (0.6) | 0.05 |
Exclusively breast-fed, n(%) | 255 (47) | 63 (35) | 78 (44) | 114 (61) | < 0.0001 |
Duration of breastfeeding in months, mean (SD) | 12 (6) | 12 (5) | 8 (7) | 14 (5) | < 0.0001 |
Deceased mother, n(%) | 68 (12.5) | 62 (34.3) | 3 (1.70) | 3 (1.60) | < 0.0001 |
Anthropometric characteristics |  |  |  |  |  |
 Weight in kg, mean (SD) | 23.1 (6.8) | 21.5 (5.5) | 23.1 (7.4) | 24.7 (7.1) | < 0.0001 |
 Height in cm, mean (SD) | 120 (14.1) | 117 (13.6) | 120 (14.4) | 123 (13.8) | < 0.0001 |
 Weight-for-age z score, mean (SD) | – 0.29 (1.2) | – 0.77 (1.2) | – 0.30 (1.2) | 0.16 (1.2) | < 0.0001 |
 Height-for-age z score, mean (SD) | – 0.33 (1.6) | – 0.95 (1.5) | – 0.24 (1.6) | 0.19 (1.6) | < 0.0001 |
 BMI Z score, mean (SD) | – 0.15 (1.7) | – 0.32 (1.4) | – 0.22 (1.8) | 0.10 (1.9) | < 0.0001 |
 Current CD4 count in mm3, mean (SD) | 967 (486) | 828 (520) | 1010 (381) | 1070 (512) | < 0.0001 |
 Frequency of brushing, n(%) |  |  |  |  | 0.04 |
  Once a day | 446 (82.0) | 153(84.5) | 155 (87.6) | 138 (74.2) |  |
  More than once a day | 93 (17.1) | 26(14.4) | 22 (12.4) | 45 (24.2) |  |
 Visited a dentist 12 months prior, n(%) | 14 (2.6) | 4 (2.2) | 2 (1.1) | 8 (4.3) | 0.15 |
HIV infected children only | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Duration on ART in months, mean (SD) |  | 46.4 (31.6) |  |  |  |
 Current viral load, mean (SD, [range]) |  | 20,675 (71,932, [0,647,780]) |  |  |  |
 Detectable viral load, n(%) |  | 109 (60.2) |  |  |  |
ART regimen type | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 AZT/3TC/EFV |  | 145 (80) |  |  |  |
 ABC/3TC/EFV |  | 4 (2.2) |  |  |  |
 ABC or TDF/3TC/DTG |  | 17 (9.4) |  |  |  |
 LPV/r-based regimen |  | 13 (7.2) |  |  |  |