Table 1 List of local antibiotics delivery systems used to treat periodontal patients

Metronidazole

Polycaprolactone (PCL)

Nanofiber

Effective local delivery system of metronidazole in combination with scaling and root planing showed betterment of clinical criteria, for example, plaque index (PI), pocket depth (PD), and gingival index (GI)

[158]

Doxycycline

PCL

Controlled delivery of drug was able to improve PD, PI, and GI effectively in periodontal disease

[159]

Minocycline hydrochloride

Carbopol

Liposome

Liposomes containing minocycline hydrochloride showed biocompatibility along with improvement in rat periodontitis

[160]

Minocycline hydrochloride

Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG)

2% minocycline hydrochloride nanoliposomes strongly inhibited TNF-α secretion by LPS-stimulated macrophages up to 60 h

[161]

Doxycycline

Carbopol

Slow release of drug from nanoliposome gel decreased MMP-8 in rat model of periodontitis

[162]

Metronidazole,

Doxycycline

Polymersomes

Nanoparticle

Antibiotics encapsulated in polymersomes decreased the number of P. gingivalis in monolayer cells as well as in organotypic cultures significantly

[163]

Metronidazole benzoate

Thiolated

Chitosan

(TCS)-

Poly(methacrylic

acid) (PMAA)

TCS-PMAA delivery system provided sustained and site-directed release of the drug. Also, the system led to an improvement in oral availability

[164]

Doxycycline

Chitosan

Pre-clinical studies showed that nanoparticles loaded with doxycycline showed entrapment efficacy of 75% and showed antimicrobial activity against P. gingivalis

[165]

Metronidazole

Chitosan

Microparticle

Hydrogel prepared from chitosan microparticles released metronidazole at an optimal pattern

[166]

hydroxyapatite (HA) and Ofloxacin

Poly Lactic-Co-glycolic acid (PDLGA)

PDLGA microspheres were shown to be biocompatible and porous in nature. This system delivered the drug optimally against E. coli and S. aureus

[167]

Minocycline hydrochloride

Chitosan

Use of microsphere containing minocycline hydrochloride resulted in the decrease of PDs at 6 months. In addition, bleeding on probing was also decreased significantly in patients

[168]

Doxycycline

Gelatin

Local delivery of antibiotics in the periodontal pocket along with scaling and root planing led to decrease in PDs. Moreover, the treatment method reduced the number of P. gingivalis significantly

[169]

Azithromycin

PLGA

Gel

Site-directed delivery of 0.5% of azithromycin showed better clinical output in periodontitis patients

[170]

Metronidazole

Poly-gamma-glutamic acid

Hydrogel was prepared from a non-toxic and biodegradable material such as poly-gamma-glutamic acid. This hydrogel system could be polymerized by light and showed remarkable swelling ability along with a controlled manner of drug release

[171]

Clarithromycin

Carboxy methylcellulose

In adjunction with scaling and root planing treatment, local delivery of 0.5% clarithromycin showed better clinical outputs at 6 months in smokers

[172]

Moxifloxacin

Pluronic

Chitosan

Reduction in PD was observed in patients who received moxifloxacin gels at 3 months. In addition, these gels were safe to use and significantly reduced the load of P. gingivalis among the periodontal pathogens

Shows efficacy against A. actinomycetemcomitans

[173]

[174, 175]

Chlorhexidine

Chitosan, beta-glycerophosphate

Nontoxic hydrogel system carrying 0.1% chlorhexidine effectively reduced the number of oral pathogens

[162]

Doxycycline

Hydroxyapatite

Scaffolds

Scaffolds loaded with doxycycline helps in the process of pre-osteoblasts of bone and tissue repairment in periodontal patients

[176, 177]