Table 3 Modulatory effects of plant-based compounds on biofilm formation property of periodontal pathogens

Artocarpus lakoocha

(Moraceae)

Oxyresveratrol

SEM images showed oxyresveratrol might influence bacterial cell wall integrity

A. lakoocha extract prevented the growth and biofilm of periodontal pathogen namely A. actinomycetemcomitans, in a dose and time-dependent manner

[74]

Camellia sinensis

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)

Galloyol moiety ester-linked to 3’-OH of catechin inhibited the adherence factors

Inhibits the growth and biofilm formation of P. gingivalis

[78]

Kaempferia pandurate

(Ginger family)

Panduratin A

Destruction of the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane

Panduratin A showed MIC of 4 µg/ml against periodontal pathogens (P. gingivalis and P. intermedia)

Panduratin A prevented dental biofilm composed of S. sanguis, and Actinomyces viscosus by more than 50% at 10 µg/ml following exposure of 15 min

[197]

[75]

Punica granatum (Pomegranate)

Anthocyanins

Caffeic acid

Catechin

Ellagic acid

Epigallocatechin

Gallic acid

Flavonoids absorb free radicals to prevent oxidative damage of important biomolecules

inhibits NF-κB activity to impart an anti-inflammatory effect

Suppress the growth and biofilm formation of dental pathogens

Mouthwash containing pomegranate extract lowered the plaque index of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P intermedia, and P. gingivalis

[82]

[198]

Vaccinium macrocarpon

(Ericaceae fruit),

also known as cranberry extract

Licocalchone A

Proanthocyanidins

Inhibition of the enzymes and proteases needed to form biofilms

Cranberry extract can suppress the growth of F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis

Adherence factors are inhibited in case of P. gingivalis as well as co-aggregation with other bacteria are suppressed

Also inhibit the formation of biofilm by both bacteria at concentrations or greater than 62.5 μg/ml

[80]