Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies evaluating apical leakage
From: Immediate and Delayed Post Space Preparations in Endodontically Treated Teeth: A Scoping Review
Author (Year) | Sample size (N) | Groups | System of preparation/Apical size preparation | Filling material / Obturation technique | PSP method | Measurement | Time of immediate PSP | Time of delayed PSP | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al-Ashou et al. (2021) [22] | 102 | G1:Seal Root / G2:AH Plus /G3:GuttaFlow2 SubGroups: I: 24 h/ II: 1W/ GA: 3mm/ GB: 4mm/ GC: 5mm remaining GP | K3 system/ #40, 0.06 | GP/ AH Plus, sure seal root canal sealer, GuttaFlow2/ single-cone technique | Peeso reamer #1-4 | Penetration depth of MB dye | 24 h | 7 days | Delay> immediate MIN: sure Seal root sealer 3mm>4mm>5mm |
Gujarathi et al. (2021) [26] | 60 | GA1: AH Plus, imm/ GA2: AH Plus, 1 W/ GB1: sure seal , imm/ GB2: sure seal, 1 W | ProTaper system/ F2 | GP/ AH Plus, sure seal root canal sealer / N.r. | Peeso reamer #1-4 | depth of dye penetration ,mm, Image Analysis System | Immediately | 7 days | Immediate – delay * sure seal > AH Plus |
Tiwari et al. (2021) [25] | 66 | G1:AH Plus/ G2: Apexit Plus / G3:Endosequence SubGroups: A: imm/ B: delay | ProTaper system/ F3 | GP/ AH Plus sealer, Apexit Plus sealer, Bioceramic sealer | Heated plugger Peeso reamer | Penetration depth of MB dye | Immediately | After setting time of the sealers | Delay> immediate Apexit Plus> AH Plus> Bioceramic |
Raslan et al. (2020) [1] | 20 | GA: rotary/NO solvent GB: rotary/ solvent | Mtwo system/ #35 | GP/ resin sealer ADSEAL/ WVC | Gates Glidden / solvent (Xylol) | Penetration depth of MB dye in apical third/ stereomicroscope | 24 h | 7 days | Immediate – delay GA: immediate-delay GB: 24h >one week |
Tanompetsanga et al (2020) | 60 | G1:imm/twisting GP cone G2:1W/hot plugger | Mtwo system/ 50/0.04 | GT GP impregnated + BC particles/ BC Sealer/ single-cone technique | Peeso reamer #3 | Fluid filtration device | Immediately | 7 days | immediate-delay |
Jieqi1 et al. (2019) | 86 | GA1:imm,4mm/ GB1:imm,5mm/ GC1: imm,6mm/ GA2:1W,4mm/ GB2:1W,5mm/ GC2:1W,6mm | ProTaper Universal system/ F2 | GP/ AH Plus sealer/ LC | N.r.. | glucose microleakage model | Immediately | 7 days | delay>immediate IMM: 4mm - 5mm - 6mm Delay: 4mm > 6mm |
Lan Y-y et al. (2017) [63] | 48 | GA1: imm, AH-Plus / GB1:1W, AH-Plus/ GA2:imm, MTA/ GB2: 1W, MTA | N.r./ #30 | GP/ AH Plus sealer, MTA/ LC | Peeso reamer #3 | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 7 days | immediate-delay AH Plus > MTA |
Kim et al. (2017) [23] | 50 | GI,G8H, G24H, G72H, & G1W | K3 system/40/0.06 | GP/ AH Plus sealer/ WVC | Parapost drill, size 1 | Linear penetration of the stain; mm | Immediately | 8 h, 24 h, 72h & 7days | G1W>GI,G8H, G24H, G72H |
Padmanabhan et al. (2017) [6] | 130 | G1:EndoflasFS,imm/ G2:EndoflasFS, 1W/G3: AH Plus, imm/ G4: AHPlus, 1W/ G5:GuttaFlow, imm/ G6:GuttaFlow, 1W/ G7:MTAFillapex, imm/ G8:MTAFillapex,1W | HyFlex CM/ #40/ 0.04% | GP/sealers: Endoflas FS,AH Plus, GuttaFlow ,MTA Fillapex/ single-cone technique | Gates Glidden 1-4 | Linear penetration of the stain; mm | Immediately | 7 days | delay>immediate MAX: G2 MIN: G3 G5,G6: immediate-delay |
Rui⁃tian et al. (2016) | 30 | GA: imm/ GB: 2 days/ GC: 7days | ProTaper system/ F3 | GP/ AH Plus sealer/ WVC | Fiber post bur | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 48 h, 7 days | Immediate - delay |
Nagas et al. (2016) [2] | 90 | G1: GP+ AH Plus/G2: Resilon + Epiphany/G3: Sealite Ultra/ SubGroups: I: single cone/II: CLC/ III: system B | ProFile system/ 30,0.06% | GP+ AH Plus or Sealite Ultra, Resilon + Epiphany sealer /single cone; CLC, System B | Gates Glidden | Modified fluid transport test; L/min/cmh2o | Immediately | 24 h and 7 days | immediate> delay Resilon + Epiphany > Sealite Ultra > AH Plus single cone - CLC - System B |
Kala et al. (2015) [30] | 70 | G1: imm, EndoREZ sealer /G2: 1W, EndoREZ sealer/ G3:imm, RoekoSeal sealer/ G4: 1W, RoekoSeal sealer/ | K3 system/ # 30/ 0.06% | GP/ EndoREZ sealer, RoekoSeal sealer/WVC | peeso reamers 1-4 | Linear measurement of the dye penetration / stereomicroscope | Immediately | 7 days | Immediate - delay EndoREZ> RoekoSeal |
Pushpa et al. (2014) [31] | 45 | G1: imm/ G2: 7days/ G3: 15 days | K-file/ #80 | GP/AH Plus/ WVC | heated pluggers Gates Glidden | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 7 days and 15 days | delay>immediate |
Dhaded et al. (2013) [7] | 80 | G1:AH Plus, imm/ G2:AH Plus, 1W/ G3:Resilon/Epiphany, imm/ G4:Resilon/Epiphany, 1W | Protaper universal/ #40 | GP/ AH Plus, Resilon + Epiphany/ CLC | peeso reamer | SEM analysis; mm/ stereomicroscope | Immediately | 7 days | delay>immediate immediately: AH Plus-Resilon + Epiphany delayed: AH Plus >Resilon/Epiphany |
Cheng. Et al (2013) | 100 | G1: pulp canal sealer /G2: Tubli-Seal EWT /G3: pulp canal sealer EWT/G4: control | K3 system/ #35 | GP/ pulp canal sealer, Tubli-Seal EWT, pulp canal sealer EWT/WVC | heated plugger | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 72h and 7 Days | immediate-delay pulp canal sealer > Tubli-Seal EWT, pulp canal sealer EWT |
Güngör et al (2013) [34] | 44 | GA1:GP+AH-Plus imm/ GA2: GP+AH-Plus, 1W/ GE1: EndoREZ, imm/ GE2:EndoREZ, 1W | K-file/ #40 | GP/ AH-Plus sealer , EndoREZ /LC | heated pluggers Gates Glidden | computerized fluid filtration device | Immediately | 7 days | GE2> GA1- GE1>GA2 EndoREZ > AH-Plus |
Pina-Vaz et al. (2013) | 40 | G1: imm, G2: delay | K-file / N.r. | GP/ Sealapex sealer/ LC | Protaper universal retreatment file | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 8 days | Immediate - delay |
Al-Sabawi et al. (2012) [33] | 200 | G1: CLC, imm/ G2: single-cone, imm/ G3: CLC, 1W/ G4: single-cone, 1W SubGroups: heated pluggers, Gates-Glidden, ProTaper rotary, peeso reamers | ProTaper rotary/ F3 | GP/ Tgadseal root canal sealer/ CLC, single-cone technique | heated pluggers/ Gates-Glidden/ ProTaper rotary/ peeso reamers | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 7 days | immediate – delay CLC – single cone technique |
Yue et al. (2012) | 55 | G1: imm/ G2: 2 days/ G3: 1W Sub Groups: Post and core preparation after 15, 30 and 60 minutes of cements mixing | K-file/ #40 | GP/ N.r. / LC | Gates Glidden/ Peeso reamer | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 48h, 7 days | 7days > 2days> immediate 15 - 30 - 60 |
dezan junior et al. (2012) | 90 | Group I (Sealapex, immediately) to Group IX (Topseal, 60 days) | Kerr file/ #60 | GP/ Sealapex, Endométhazone, Topseal/ LC | Gates Glidden | Dye infiltration | Immediately | 30 days and 60 days | delay>immediate Type of sealer : no statistical differences |
Chen & Chang (2011) [37] | 100 | G1: LC / G2: WVC / G3: injectable thermoplasticized GP / G4: control | K3 system/ 0.4 mm | GP/Sealapex / LC ,WVC , injectable thermoplasticized | heated pluggers | Linear penetration of the stain; mm | Immediately | 72h and 7 Days | (Immediate, 3 days) > 7 days |
Attam & Talwar (2010) [36] | 150 | G2: imm, 5mm/ G3: 1W, 5mm/ G4: imm, 3mm/ G5: 1W, 5mm | K3 system/ 45, 0.04% | Epiphany sealer /Resilon system/ | Peeso reamers 2,3,4 | Fluid transport device | Immediately | 7 days | delay>immediate 3mm > 5mm |
Paiva et al. (2010) [41] | 40 | G1: imm, ZOE/ G2: ZOE, delay | N.r. | GP/ ZEO sealer/ LC | ProTaper Universal retreatment files/ H-files | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 8 days | delay>immediate |
Aydemir et al. (2009) [8] | 64 | G1: CLC, Sealapex, 30 days / G2: CLC, Sealapex, 40 min/ G3: CLC, Diaket, 30 days/ G4: CLC, Diaket,40 min/ G5: WVC, Diaket, 30 days/ G6: WVC, Sealapex, 30 days | K-file/ #50 | GP/ Sealapex , Diaket /CLC, WVC | Gates Glidden 1-4 | Electrical current; micro-siemens | 40 min | 30 days | immediate-delay Sealapex- Diaket CLC > WVC |
Chen Mei et al. (2009) [44] | 60 | GA1:imm, temporary materials / GA2:imm,fiber post and cores / GB1: 1W,temporary materials / GB2: 1W,fiber post and cores | hand ProTaper instruments/ F3 | GP/ AH Plus/ LC | Peeso reamers #2 | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 7 days | delay>immediate fiber post and core - temporary materials |
Kalra et al (2009) [64] | 70 | G1: AH-Plus, imm /G2: AH-Plus, 1W/ G3: RC Seal, imm/ G4: RC Seal, 1W | K-file/ #50 | GP/ AH-Plus, RC Seal sealer/ E & Q Plus system | Peeso reamers #3 | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 7 days | delay>immediate RC Seal > AH-Plus |
Ehsani et al. (2009) [39] | 76 | G1: AH26, imm/ G2: AH26, 1W/ G3: Apatite root sealer , imm,/ G4: Apatite root sealer , 1W | K-file/ #35 | GP/ AH26, Apatite root sealer / LC | Peeso reamers #3 | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 7 days | delay>immediate AH26 - Apatite root sealer |
Yildirim et al. (2009) [43] | 51 | G1: GP+AH-Plus+LC , imm / G2: GP+AH-Plus+LC , 1 W/ G3: 5 mm MTA | K-files/ #60 | GP/ AH-Plus sealer , MTA plug /LC | heated pluggers Gates-Glidden | Computerized fluid filtration method | Immediately | 7 days | immediate-delay (GP/ AH-Plus sealer) > MTA |
Cobankara et al. (2008) [38] | 50 | G1: CLC, EndoREZ (A_), imm / G2: CLC, EndoREZ (A+), imm / G3: CLC, EndoREZ (A_), 1 W/ G4: CLC, EndoREZ (A+),1 W | ProFile system/ 0.465 mm | GP/ EndoREZ sealer with or without accelerator / CLC | heated pluggers | Computerized fluid filtration method | Immediately | 7 days | delay>immediate (A+) - (A_) |
Salim et al. (2008) [42] | 40 | G1a: imm, heated pluggers/ G1b: imm, peeso reamer/ G2a: 1W, heated pluggers/ G2b: 1W, peeso reamer | hand ProTaper instruments/ F1,F2,F3 | GP/ Zinc oxide eugenol sealer/ LC | heated pluggers peeso reamer | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 7 days | delay > immediate MIN: G1a MAX: G2b |
Corrêa Pesce et al. (2007) [20] | 60 | GA1: EndoFill , no post/ GA2: EndoFill, 24 h/ G A3: EndoFill, 72h/ G B1: AH-Plus, no post/ G B2: AH-Plus, 24 h/ G B3: AH-Plus, 72 h | K-file/ #55 | GP/ EndoFill or AH-Plus sealer/ CLC | heated pluggers | Apical dye penetration | 24 h | 72 h | Immediate - delay EndoFill > AH-Plus In all groups: 1mm > 2mm >3 mm from the apex |
Bodrumlu et al. (2007) [47] | 72 | G1:AH Plus, imm/ G2:AH Plus, 1W/ G3:Resilon/Epiphany, imm/ G4:Resilon/Epiphany, 1 W | K-file/ #40 | GP/ AH-Plus or Resilon + Epiphany /LC | Gates-Glidden 3-4 | Fluid transport device | Immediately | 7 days | GP/AH Plus: delay > immediate Epiphany/Resilon: Immediate > delay Immediate: (AH-Plus) –(Resilon Epiphany) Delay:(AH-Plus) > (Epiphany/Resilon) |
Shahi et al. (2007) [51] | 96 | GA: peeso reamer, imm/ GB: peeso reamer, 1W/ GC: heated pluggers, imm/ GD: heated pluggers, 1W | K-file/ #35 | GP/ AH26 sealer/ LC | heated pluggers /peeso reamer | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 7 days | Immediate - delay MIN: GC MAX: GB heated pluggers - peeso reamer |
Sadeghi et al. (2007) [50] | 74 | G1: LC, imm/G2: LC, 1W/ G3: WVC, imm /G4: WVC, 1W | K-file/ #40 | GP/ Tubliseal sealer/ LC, WVC | heated pluggers | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 7 days | delay>immediate WVC > LC |
Javidi et al. (2007) [49] | 76 | G1:AH 26, imm/ G2:AH 26, 1W/ G3:Apexit Plus , imm/ G4:Apexit Plus , 1W | K-file/ #45 | GP/ AH26 sealer, Apexit Plus / LC | heated pluggers | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 7 days | delay>immediate G4> G1 AH26 -Apexit Plus |
Solano et al. (2005) [52] | 46 | G1:AH Plus, imm/ G2:AH Plus, 1W | K3 system/ #30 .06 | GP/ AH-Plus sealer/ WVC | heated pluggers / Gates-Glidden | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 7 days | delay>immediate |
Rastegar et al. (2004) [48] | 76 | G1: AH26, imm/ G2: AH26, 7 days/ G3: Roth sealer, imm/ G4: Roth sealer, 14 days | K-file/ #45 | GP/ AH26, Roth sealer/ LC | peeso reamer | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 7 days and 14 days | delay>immediate MIN: G1 MAX:G4 AH26 - Roth sealer |
Ashraf et al. (2003) [46] | 96 | G1:imm, AH26/ G2: delay, AH26/ G3: imm, Apexit/ G4: delay, Apexit | K-file/ #40 | GP/ AH26, Apexit/ LC | peeso reamer #2,3 | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 7 days | Immediate - delay AH26- Apexit |
Abramovitz et al. (2000) [45] | 53 | GA:imm/ heated pluggers GB: 1W/Gates-Glidden 3-4 | K-file/ #35 | GP/ AH-Plus sealer/ LC | heated pluggers / Gates-Glidden 3-4 | Pressure-driven system; cpm, Leakage without Pressure, and Leakage under Pressure | Immediately | 7 days | immediate-delay heated pluggers- drills |
Fan et al. (1999) [55] | 90 | G1: AH26, imm / G2:AH26, 1W/ G3: Pulp Canal Sealer ,imm/ G4: Pulp Canal Sealer, 1W | K-file/ #50 | GP/ AH26 or Pulp Canal Sealer / LC | Gates-Glidden #90 | Fluid transport device | Immediately | 7 days | delay>immediate |
Karapanou et al. (1996) [56] | 80 | G1: imm, Roth 801 sealer/ G2:1W, Roth 801 sealer / G3:imm, AH26 / G4:1W, AH26 | N.r. | GP/ Roth 801 sealer, AH26/ CLC | Gates-Glidden | Linear penetration of the stain; mm | Immediately | 7 days | Roth 801 sealer: delay>immediate AH-26 sealer: immediate-delay |
Rybick & Zillich (1994) [60] | 60 | G1: imm, Thermafil / G2:delay, Thermafil / G3:noPSP, Thermafil / G4: no PSP, CLC | K-file/ #35-70 | Thermafil, ThermaSeal epoxy resin-based sealer /CLC | Thermafil Prepi burs | Volumetric analysis; absorbance | Immediately | 72 h | Immediate - delay |
Saunders et al. (1993) [61] | 72 | G1: imm/ G2: 1 W | Flex 0 Files/ #40-50 | Thermafil/ Sealapex | Peeso reamer #110 | Apical dye penetration ; score | Immediately | 7 days | Immediate - delay |
Moon et al. (1988) [58] | 76 | GA1: imm, thermatic condensation/ GA2: delay, LC/ GB1: imm, thermatic condensation/ GB2: delay, LC | H-file/ #25 | GP/ AH26 sealer/ thermatic condensation, LC | heated pluggers/ Gates-Glidden/ Peeso reamers | Apical dye penetration | Immediately | 7 days | Immediate - delay LC > Thermatic condensation |
Madison & Zakariasen (1984) [57] | 80 | G1: imm, solvent/ G2:imm, heat/ G3:imm, drill / G4: 48h, solvent/ G5:48h, heat /G6: 48h, drill/ | K-file/ #40 | GP/ Roth's root canal cement/ LC | Peeso reamers/ heated pluggers/ chloroform & files | (Linear penetration of the stain; mm) and (*Volumetric analysis; μl) | Immediately | 48h | immediate-delay solvent - heat – rotary instrument |
Portell et al. (1982) [59] | 47 | G1: imm, 3mm/ G2: imm, 7mm/ G3: 2 W, 3mm/ G4: 2 W, 7 mm | K-file/ #50 | GP/ non staining root canal cement/ CLC | heated pluggers | (Autoradiographic investigation; mm) (Analysis of the incidence; (number teeth with leakage) & degree of leakage: mm) | Immediately | 2 week | delay > immediate 3mm > 7mm (At all distances from W.L) |
Dickey et al. (1982) [54] | 60 | GA1: Peeso reamers, 1 W/ GA2: Peeso reamers, imm/ GB1: solvent, 1 W/ GB2: solvent, imm | K-file/ #55 | GP/ Grossman's sealer/ LC | Peeso reamers/ chloroform & files | Autoradiographic investigation; mm | Immediately | 7 days | Immediate > delay solvent - rotary instrument |
Bourgeois & Lemon (1981) [26] | 44 | GA: delay /GB: imm | N.r. | GP/ AH26 or Grossman's sealer / LC | heated pluggers | Autoradiographic investigation; mm | Immediately | 7 days | Immediate –delay AH26 > Grossman |