Table 1 Background characteristics, applied examination and assessment and the targeted primary outcomes
Background characteristics | Examination and Assessment | Primary outcomes | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First Author, Publication year | Year of exam Country Level | Study design | Sample size (N) Total F: Female M: Male | Socio-economic status/ -position (SES/SEP) Immigrant (IM) + : reported − : not reported | Age (yrs) | Diagnostic method (ref.) | BW (Yes/No) | Calibration (Yes/No) Examiners (N) | Caries prevalence (%) (D(M)FS > 0 or D(M)FT > 0) 1: enamel level 2: dentine level | Caries experience Mean DeS Mean D(M)FS or Mean DeT Mean D(M)FT with enamel caries included | Proportion (DeS/D(M)FS or Proportion (DeT/D(M)FT | Caries distribution + : reported −: not reported |
Full mouth caries examination | ||||||||||||
Saethre-Sundli HB et al. [49] 2020 | 2014 Norway Subnational | Cohort Exam. at Follow-up 2014 | 3,282 F: 1586 M: 1696 | + : Parental education Family status National background | Mean age: 12.1 (SD: 0.5) | Amarante E et al. [71] | Yes | Yes 91 | 1: 58 2: 32 | DeS: 1.35 DMFS: 2.15 (SD: 3.4) | 0.63 | + |
Jacobsen ID et al. [43] 2016 | 2010–2011 Norway Subnational | Cross-sectional | 869 F: 420 M: 449 | + : National background Parental education Family status | 16 | Amarante et al. [71] | Yes | Yes 1 | 1: 94 2: 83 | - | - | - |
David J et al. [59] 2006 | 1993 Baseline | Cohort Exam. at Baseline | 159 | + : Mothers’ education | 12 | Amarante E et al. [71] | Yes | Yes 5 | 1: 90 2: 63 | DeS: 6.2 (SD: 5.9) DMFS: 8.9 (SD: 7.8) | 0.70 | + |
1999 Follow-up Norway Community | Exam. at Follow-up | 112 F: 56 M: 56 | 18 | Amarante E et al. [71] | Yes | Yes 1 | 1: 99 2: 92 | DeS: 4.4 (SD: 4.5) DMFS: 13.1 (SD: 11.4) | 0.34 | |||
Karlsson F et al [51] 2019 | 2009 Baseline | Cohort Exam. at Baseline | 159 F: 82 M: 77 | - | 12 | Socialstyrelsen, 1988 [72] | BW on indication only | No -: number examiners not reported | 1: 48 2: not reported | *DeS: 1.1 (SD: 2.3) DFS: 1.8 (SD: 2.9) | *0.61 | - |
2014 Follow-up Sweden Community | Exam. at Follow-up | 159 F: 82 M: 77 | 17 | 1: 55 2: not reported | *DeS: 2.6 (SD: 4.2) DFS: 4.5 (SD: 6.1) | *0.58 | ||||||
Koch G et al. [54] 2017 | 2013 Sweden Community | Cross-sectional | 101 F: 49 M: 52 | - | 15 | Koch G [73] | Yes | Yes 3 | 1: 57 2: not reported | DFS: 3.0 (CI: 1.9–4.1) | - | + |
Jacobssen B et al. [74] 2011 | 2003 Sweden Community | Cross-sectional | 85 IM: 11 | + : Education National background | 15 | Koch G [73] | Yes | Yes 8 | 1: 81 2: not reported IM: 1: 100 2: not reported | - IM DFS: 11.8 (CI: 5.4–18.3) | - | - |
Non IM: 74 | Non IM: 1: 78 2: not reported | Non IM: DFS: 5.5 (CI: 3.9–7.1) | ||||||||||
Hugoson A al. [55] 2008 | 2003 Sweden Community | Cross-sectional | 96 F: 51 M: 45 | - | 15 | Koch G [73] | Yes | Yes 10 | 1: 80 2: not reported | DeS: 4.7 DFS: 6.4 (CI: 4.8–8.0) | 0.73 | + |
Agustsdottir H et al. [50] 2010 | 2004–2005 Iceland National | Cross-sectional | 757 | - | 12 | ICDAS | Yes | Yes 1 | 1: 85 2: 66 | *DeS: 5.67 (SE:0.47) DMFS: 8.77 (SE:0.64) | *0.65 | + |
750 | 15 | 1: 94 2: 80 | *DeS: 10.66 (SE: 0.80) ( DMFS: 17.00 (SE:1.10) | *0.63 | ||||||||
Splieth CH et al.[45] 2019 | 2016 Germany National | Cross-sectional | 55,002 | + : School type Class level | 12 | WHO [25] + initial caries lesions (IT) | No | Yes 482 | 1: 34 2: 21 | DeT: 0.52 DMFT: 0.96 | 0.54 | + |
Jablonski-Momeni A et al. [46] 2014 | 2009–2010 Germany Subnational | Cross-sectional | 2 regions (969) Region 1: 525 | + : Mothers’ education National background | 12 | ICDAS | No | Yes | 1: 43 2: 23 | *DeS: 0.77 DFS: 1.61 | *0.48 | + |
Region 2: 444 | Yes 1 | 1: 50 2: 17 | *DeS: 1.7 DFS: 2.80 | *0.61 | ||||||||
Wang X et al. [37] 2021 | 2013 England, Wales, Northern Ireland National | Cross-sectional(analyses of clusters) | 2160 Cluster analyses: | + : School type Free school meals eligibility Deprivation Index (IMD) Region category National background | 15 | ICDAS [75] | No | From dental records (available data) | 1: not reported 2: not reported | DeS: 1.73 DMFS: 4.39 CI: 3.60- 5.18) | 0.39 | + |
Wang X et al. [21] 2021 | 2013 England, Wales, Northern Ireland National | Cross-sectional | 2532 | + : School type Free school meal eligibility Deprivation Index (IMD) Region category National background | 12 | ICDAS | No | Yes 75 | 1: 65 2: 45 | DeS: 1.61 DMFS: 3.91 (SD: 5.90) | 0.41 | + |
2418 | 15 | 1: 73 2: 59 | DeS: 2.02 DMFS: 5.94 (SD: 8.04) | 0.34 | ||||||||
Vernazza CR et al. [38] 2016 | 2013 England, Wales, Norhern Ireland National | Cross-sectional | 9866 (number included also 5-, 8- year-olds) | + : Free school meals eligibility Gender | 12 | ICDAS | No | Yes 75 | 1: 57 2: approximately 33 | DeT: 1.2 DMFT: 2.0 | 0.60 | - |
15 | 1: 63 2: approximately 50 | DeT: 1.5 DMFT: 2.9 | 0.52 | |||||||||
Baciu D et al. [52] 2015 | 2011 UK Community (n = 5) | Cross-sectional | 592 F: 323 M: 269 | + : Regions | Mean age: 12.3 | ICDAS | No | Yes 1 | 1: 83 2:76 | *DeS: 1.71 (SD: 2.10) DMFS: 6.78 (SD: 7.25) | *0.25 | - |
Maldupa I et al. [48] 2021 | 2016 Latvia National | Cross-sectional | 2138 F: 1031 M: 1107 | + : Region Socio-economy (Family Affluence Scale (FAS)) | 12 | ICDAS II | No | Yes 7 | 1: 99 2: 80 | *DeS: 12.6 (SD: 10.5) DMFS: 17.6 (SD: 13.2) | *0.72 | + |
Deery C et al. [76] 2000 | 1997 Latvia Community | Cross-sectional | 182 F: 102 M: 80 | - | Mean age: 13.3 (range: 10.6–15.7) | Deery et al. [77] | No Visual examination (CVE) | Yes 1 | 1: not reported 2: 99.5 | DeS: 10.38 (SD: 11.68) DMFS: 22.65 | 0.46 | - |
Almerich-Torres T et al. [41] 2020 | 2018 Spain Community | Cross-sectional | 632 | + : Social class by parental occupation | 12 | ICDAS II | No | Yes 3 | 1: not reported 2: 30 | DeS: 1.67 DMFS: 2.41 | 0.69 | - |
534 | 15 | 1: not reported 2: 45 | DeS: 2.03 DMFS: 3.39 | 0.60 | ||||||||
Almerich-Torres T et al. [39] 2017 | 2010 Spain Community | Cross-sectional | 409 F: 216 M: 193 | + : Social class by parental occupation (Domingo et al.) | 12 | ICDAS II | No | Yes 3 | 1: not reported 2: not reported | DeT: 2.57 DMFT: 3.44 (CI: 3.08–3.80) | 0.75 | - |
433 F: 226 M: 207 | 15 | DeT: 3.66 DMFT: 4.74 (CI: 4.37–5.11) | 0.77 | |||||||||
Almerich-Silla JM et al. [40] 2014 | 2010 Spain Community | Cross-sectional | 1373 | + : Social class by parental occupation (Domingo et al.) | 12 | ICDAS II | No | Yes 6 | 1: 77 2: 38 | DeS: 3.18 DMFS: 4.45 (CI: 3.96–4.93) | 0.71 | - |
15 | 1: 85 2: 44 | DeS: 4.23 DMFS: 5.87 (CI: 5.36–6.37) | 0.72 | |||||||||
Calado R et al. [47] 2017 | 2009 Portugal National | Cross-sectional | 1309 | + : Mothers’ occupation and education Area of residence Region | 12 | ICDAS | No | Yes 24 | 1: 76 2: 47 | DeS: 3.40 (SD: 0.17) DMFS: 8.61 (SD: 0.34) | 0.39 | + |
1075 | 18 | No | 1: 89 2: 68 | DeS: 4.36 (SD: 0.20) DMFS: 16.64 (SD: 0.51) | 0.26 | |||||||
Campus G et al. [60] 2020 | 2017 Italy National | Cross-sectional | 7064 F: 3605 M: 3459 | + : Income inequality and Unemployment rate Parental education Working status National background | 12 | ICDAS [78] | No | Yes 4 | 1: 70 2: not reported | DeT: 2.29 DFT: 3.71 | 0.62 | - |
Diamanti I et al. [57] 2021 | 2013 Greece National | Cross-sectional | 1243 F: 631 M: 612 | + : Urban/rural area of residence Parental education | 12 | ICDAS II | No | Yes 10 | 1: 72 2: 52 1: F: 74 1: M: 69 2: F: 54 2: M: 50 | - *F: DeT: 1.8 (SD: 2.5) DMFT: 3.6 *M: DeT: 1.7 (SD: 2.6) DMFT: 3.1 | *F: 0.50 *M: 0.55 | - |
1227 F: 658 M: 569 | 15 | 1: 82 2: 66 1: F: 79 1: M:86 2: F: 68 2: M: 63 | - *F: DeT: 2.6 (SD: 3.2) DMFT: 5.2 *M: DeT: 2.4 (SD: 3.1) DMFT: 4.7 | *F: 0.50 *M: 0.51 | ||||||||
Partial mouth caries examination (proximal surfaces of posterior teeth). One study also included occlusal surfaces | ||||||||||||
Jacobsen ID et al 2019 [42] | Jacobsen ID et al. Norway. Details under full mouth caries examination | 1: 84 2: not reported | DeAS: 5.8 (SD: 5.0) | - | - | |||||||
Bergström EK et al [53] 2019 | 2005- | Cohort Controls: Exam. at Baseline | Control group: 10,160 F: 4923 M: 5237 | + : Geographical area | 12 | Gröndahl et al. [80] | Not reported | Not reported | 1: not reported 2: not reported | DeAS: 0.86 DAFS: 1.08 | 0.80 | - |
2008 Sweden Subnational | Controls: Exam. at Follow-up | 15 | DeAS:2.19 DAFS: 2.88 | 0.76 | ||||||||
Alm A et al. [56] 2006 | 2002 Sweden Community | Cohort Exam. at Follow-up | 568 F: 286 M: 282 ??? | + : Socio-economic regions | 15 | Socialstyrelsen [72] | Yes | Yes 1 | 1: 67 2: 22 | DeAS: 2.78 (range 0–18) DAFS: 3.23 (Range:0–20) | 0.86 | - |
**Koch G et al [54] 2017 | 2013 Jönköping study, Sweden. Details under full mouth caries examination | 0.80–0.90 | ||||||||||
Hugoson A et al. [55] 2008 | 2003 Jönköping study, Sweden. Details under full mouth caries examination | 0.80–0.90 | ||||||||||
Sköld UM et al. [79] 2005 | 1999–2003 Sweden Community | Cohort Controls: Exam. at Baseline | 94 | - | 13 | Gröndahl et al. [80] | Yes | No 2 | 1: not reported 2: not reported | DAFS: 1.45 (SD: 2.17) | - | - |
Controls: Exam. at Follow up | 16 | 1: not reported 2: not reported | DA.FS: 3.29 (SD: 4.45) | |||||||||
Jacobsson B et al. [81] 2005 | 2003 Sweden Community | Cross-sectional | 117 IM: 51 F: 27 M: 24 | + National background | 15 | Koch [73] | Yes | No 4 | 1: 74 2: 44 1: IM: 76 2: IM: 47 | IM: DeAS: 5.5 (CI: 4.0–7.0) DA.FS: 6.5 (CI: 4.7–8.2) | 0.85 | - |
Non IM: 66 F: 40 M: 26 | 1: Non IM: 74 2: Non IM: 42 | Non IM: DeAS: 3.3 (CI: 2.3–4.4) DA.FS:: 4.0 (CI: 2.9–5.4) | 0.83 | |||||||||
Lith A et al. [82] 2002 | 1992–1993 Sweden Community | Cross-sectional data From dental records | 285 | + : Income and education exceeded the average Swedish citizen | 17 | Also occlusal lesions Gröndahl et al. [80] | BW on indication only | Yes -: number examiners not reported | 1: 93 2: 84 | - | - | + |
Gustafsson A et al. [83] 2000 | 1993 | Cohort Exam. at Baseline | 93 Analyzed 67 F: 34 M: 33 | - | 14 | Gustafson et al. [83] | Yes | Yes 2 | 1: 69 1: F: 76 1: M: 62 2: not reported | - F: DeAS: 4.2 (SD: 5.5) DA.FS: 4.82 M: DeAS: 2.9 (SD: 43.9) DAlFS: 3.62 | - F: 0.87 M: 0.80 | - |
1998 Sweden Community | Exam. at Follow-up | Analyzed 66 F: 33 M: 33 | 19 | 1: 92 1: F. 91 1: M: 94 2: not reported | - F: DeAS: 7.0 (SD: 4.7) DA.FS: 9.7 M: DeAS: 6.1 (SD: 4.7) DAFS: 10.6 | - F: 0.72 M: 0.58 | ||||||
Pooerterman JHG et al [84] 2003 | 1990 | Cohort From radiographs | 121 | - | 14 | Poorterman JHG. [85] | Yes | Yes 2 | 1: 86 2: not reported | DeAS:2.7 (SD: 3.1) DA.FS: 3.73 | 0.72 | - |
1993 The Netherlands Community | From radiographs | 311 | 17 | 1: 88 2: not reported | DeAS: 3.8 (SD: 1.1) DA.FS: 7.0 | 0.54 | ||||||