The comparison of biomechanical effects of the conventional and bone-borne palatal expanders on late adolescence with unilateral cleft palate: a 3-dimensional finite element analysis

Meng, Wen-yu; Ma, Yan-qing; Shi, Bing; Liu, Ren-kai; Wang, Xiao-ming

doi:10.1186/s12903-022-02640-1

Table 3 Maxillofacial landmarks displacements after activation of the C-RPE and B-RPE appliances (mm)

From: The comparison of biomechanical effects of the conventional and bone-borne palatal expanders on late adolescence with unilateral cleft palate: a 3-dimensional finite element analysis

Region	C-RPE								B-RPE
	Cleft side				Non-cleft side				Cleft side				Non-cleft side
	Total	X	Y	Z	Total	X	Y	Z	Total	X	Y	Z	Total	X	Y	Z
Medial pterygoid
Superior (C)	0.0106	0.0088	− 0.0049	− 0.0017	0.0238	− 0.0206	− 0.0091	− 0.0038	0.0534	0.0303	− 0.0172	− 0.0059	0.0667	− 0.0642	− 0.0259	− 0.0119
Inferior(D)	0.0009	0.0009	− 0.0005	− 0.0002	0.0019	− 0.0021	− 0.0006	0.0002	0.0039	0.0039	− 0.0018	− 0.0009	0.0080	− 0.0085	− 0.0021	− 0.0009
Lateral pterygoid
Superior (E)	0.0079	0.0065	0.0007	0.0040	0.0133	− 0.0105	− 0.0005	0.0075	0.0266	0.0213	0.0016	0.0133	0.0551	− 0.0493	0.0024	0.0268
Inferior(F)	0.0013	0.0007	0.0003	0.0013	0.0036	− 0.0016	0.0012	0.0031	0.0050	0.0026	0.0011	0.0041	0.0105	− 0.0755	0.0040	0.0089
Maxilla
Maxillary tuberosity(G)	0.0819	0.0820	− 0.0120	− 0.0012	0.0841	− 0.0872	− 0.0005	0.0011	0.2425	0.2359	− 0.0328	− 0.0158	0.2492	− 0.2511	0.0060	0.0078
Anterolateral wall(H)	0.0861	0.0824	− 0.0012	0.0215	0.0879	− 0.0778	0.0062	0.0248	0.2269	0.2073	− 0.0135	0.0652	0.2268	− 0.2181	0.0149	0.0707
Inferior orbital rim(I)	0.0675	0.0334	0.0227	0.0487	0.0510	− 0.0322	0.0129	0.0375	0.1519	0.0932	0.0369	0.1156	0.1334	− 0.0981	0.0302	0.0814
Frontal process(J)	0.0178	0.0015	0.0090	− 0.0141	0.0170	0.0002	0.0048	− 0.0153	0.0482	0.0045	0.0337	− 0.0349	0.0479	− 0.0091	0.0257	− 0.0348
Anterior nasal spine(K)	0.1152	0.1107	− 0.0295	− 0.0285	0.0937	− 0.0839	− 0.0091	− 0.0338	0.2724	0.2648	− 0.0559	− 0.0696	0.2296	− 0.2180	0.0018	− 0.0732
Nasal cavity
Superior rim (L)	0.0427	0.0402	0.0001	− 0.0091	0.0378	− 0.0354	0.0032	− 0.0115	0.1036	0.0916	0.0116	− 0.0203	0.1012	− 0.0993	0.0227	− 0.0269
Inferior rim(M)	0.0888	0.0855	− 0.0153	− 0.0105	0.0793	− 0.0807	− 0.0034	− 0.0153	0.2312	0.2347	− 0.0383	− 0.0233	0.2040	− 0.2080	0.0087	− 0.0321
Zygomatic bone
Frontal process (N)	0.0660	− 0.0077	0.0307	0.0566	0.0465	− 0.0103	0.0118	0.0445	0.1466	− 0.0064	0.0616	0.1372	0.1255	− 0.0411	0.0204	0.1156
Temporal process(O)	0.0869	0.0187	0.0427	0.0729	0.0647	− 0.0308	0.0197	0.0533	0.1988	0.0827	0.0666	0.1668	0.1789	− 0.1120	0.0316	0.1340
Maxillary process(P)	0.0787	0.0469	0.0314	0.0539	0.0611	− 0.0442	0.0140	0.0379	0.1919	0.1306	0.0463	0.1552	0.1695	− 0.1398	0.0229	0.0986

Figure 2 presented the definitions of each landmark. Transverse displacement: (+) cleft expansion (–) non-cleft expansion; Sagittal displacement, (-) forward, (+) backward; Vertical displacement: (+) upward, (–) downward

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