Histopathological and risk factor analyses of oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer in a proactive screening in northeastern Thailand

Table 4 Characteristics and risk factors of study subjects according to the types of oral lesions

Characteristics	Non-OPMDs/cancer		OPMDs/cancer		Total		OR (95% CI)	p value
Characteristics	n	%	n	%	n	%	OR (95% CI)	p value
Sex (n = 409)
Male	49	32.45	62	24.03	111	27.14	Ref.
Female	102	67.55	196	75.97	298	72.86	1.519 (0.974–2.369)	0.065
Age (year) (n = 409)
40–59	45	29.80	52	20.16	97	23.72	Ref.
60–79	96	63.58	186	72.09	282	68.95	1.677 (1.049–2.680)	0.031
≥ 80	10	6.62	20	7.75	30	7.33	1.731 (0.734–4.080)	0.210
Mean ± SD	64.64 ± 9.59		67.34 ± 9.43		66.34 ± 9.57
Minimum	42		43		42
Maximum	89		94		94
Smoking (n = 409)
Never	122	80.79	213	82.56	335	81.90	Ref.
Smoker/ex-smoker	29	19.21	45	17.44	74	18.10	0.889 (0.530–1.491)	0.655
Smokeless tobacco (n = 404)
Never	132	88.00	194	76.38	326	80.69	Ref.
Smoker/ex-smoker	18	12.00	60	23.62	78	19.31	2.268 (1.281–4.016)	0.005
Secondhand smoker (n = 386)
No	104	73.24	169	69.26	273	70.73	Ref.
Yes	38	26.76	75	30.73	113	29.27	1.215 (0.766–1.925)	0.408
Alcohol drinking (n = 406)
Never	100	66.67	188	73.44	288	70.94	Ref.
Drinker/ex-drinker	50	33.33	68	26.56	118	29.06	0.723 (0.467–1.121)	0.148
Betel quid chewing (n = 408)
Never	104	69.33	107	41.47	211	51.72	Ref.
Chewer/ex-chewer	46	30.67	151	58.53	197	48.28	3.191 (2.083–4.887)	< 0.001
Working in sunlight (n = 404)
No	67	45.27	120	46.88	187	46.29	Ref.
Yes	81	54.73	136	53.12	217	53.71	0.937 (0.624–1.407)	0.755
History of head and neck cancer (n = 404)
No	133	90.48	247	96.11	380	94.06	Ref.
Yes	14	9.52	10	3.89	24	5.94	0.385 (0.166–0.890)	0.026

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