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Table 2 Differences in tooth cleaning methods by country region and income level (n = 4751)

From: Individual, familial and country-level factors associated with oral hygiene practices in children: an international survey

Country-level factors

Toothbrush

Fluoridated toothpaste

Mouthwash

Dental floss

Miswak

N (%)

4278 (90.0)

2865 (60.3)

607 (12.8)

403 (8.5)

256 (5.4)

Income level

LICs

560 (94.6)

371 (62.7)

42 (7.1)

19 (3.2)

28 (4.7)

LMICs

1637 (82.8)

978 (49.5)

271 (13.7)

136 (6.9)

165 (8.4)

UMICs

358 (95.0)

262 (69.5)

36 (9.5)

29 (7.7)

10 (2.7)

HICs

1723 (95.4)

1254 (69.4)

258 (14.3)

219 (12.1)

53 (2.9)

P value

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

WHO region

EMR

3361 (91.4)

2237 (60.8)

418 (11.4)

230 (6.3)

222 (6.0)

AFR

52 (96.3)

52 (96.3)

7 (13.0)

6 (11.1)

6 (11.1)

WPR

104 (98.1)

68 (64.2)

21 (19.8)

18 (17.0)

0 (0.0)

EUR

117 (95.9)

80 (65.9)

32 (26.2)

10 (8.2)

3 (2.5)

SEAR

451 (76.2)

289 (48.8)

95 (16.0)

76 (12.8)

24 (4.1)

AMR

193 (97.0)

139 (69.8)

34 (17.1)

63 (31.7)

1 (0.5)

P value

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001

0.0001

 < 0.0001

 < 0.0001