Table 1 Cephalometric measurements

S

Sella, centre of sella turcica

N

Nasion, the most anterior point of the frontonasal suture in the midsagittal plane

A

Deepest midline point on the maxillary alveolar process’s anterior outer contour

B

Deepest point on the mandible’s anterior outer contour

U1

Long axis of the most anteriorly located upper central incisor

L1

Long axis of the most anteriorly located lower central incisor

Pg

Pogonion, point on the anterior surface of the chin that is the most forward-projecting

Go

Gonion, a point formed by the intersection of lines tangent to the ramus’s posterior border and the mandible’s lower border

Gn

Gnathion, the bony chin’s most anterior inferior point

Po

Porion, the central point on the upper margin of the external auditory meatus

Cd

Condylion, the most superior-posterior point of the mandibular condyle

Me

Menton, Lowest point on mandibular symphysis

Ar

Articulare, Intersection of the inferior surface of the cranial base and the posterior border of the ascending rami of the mandible

SNA (°)

Angle between Sella–Nasion and Nasion-A lines

SNB (°)

Angle between Sella–Nasion and Nasion-B lines

ANB (°)

Angle between Nasion-A and Nasion-B lines

U1–NA (mm)

Sagittal distance between the vestibule surface of the upper incisor and the Nasion-A plane

U1/NA (°)

Angle between the long axis of the upper incisor and the Nasion-A plane

L1–NB (mm)

Distance between the vestibule surface of the lower incisor and the Nasion-B plane in the sagittal direction

L1/NB (°)

Angle between the lower incisor’s long axis and the Nasion-B plane

Pg–NB (mm)

Distance between the Pogonion point and NB line

SN/GoGn (°)

Angle between the mandibular plane and the Sella–Nasion plane

Interinsizal açı

Angle between the long axis of the lower and upper central incisors

FMA (°)

Angle between Frankfort horizontal plane and mandibular plane

FMIA (°)

Angle between Frankfort horizontal plane and long axis of lower incisor

IMPA (°)

Angle between mandibular plane and long axis of lower central incisor

Cd–Gn (mm)

Distance between condylion and gnathion

Go–Pg (mm)

Distance between gonion and pogonion

Cd–Go (mm)

Distance between condylion and gonion

U1–SN (°)

Angle between long axis of upper incisor and Sella–Nasion plane

U1–PP (°)

Angle between long axis of upper incisor and palatal plane

FH/MP (°)

Angle between mandibular plane and Frankfort Horizontal plane

Overbite

Vertical distance between incisal edge of upper central incisor and incisal edge of lower central incisor

Overjet

Distance between vestibule surfaces of upper central incisor and vestibule surfaces of lower central incisor in sagittal direction

NAPg (°)

Angle between Nasion-A and A-Pogonion lines

SNPg (°)

Angle between Sella–Nasion and Nasion-Pogonion lines

MeGoArticulare

Angle between Gonion-Menton and Gonion-Articulare lines

Gla-Sub-Pg (°)

Angle formed by the soft tissue Glabella, Subnasale, and Pogonion points

Nasolabial angle (Cl.Sn.SLS)

Angle formed by the Columella, Subnasale and Superior Labial Sulcus points

Mentolabial angle (Li.Ils.Pog)

Angle formed by Laberale inferius (Li)-inferior labial sulcus (Ils) and Ils-Pog’ points

Upper lip—E line

Distance from upper lip to Ricketts E plane

Lower lip E-line

Distance from lower lip to Ricketts E plane

PNS

Posterior nasal spine, posterior limit of bony palate

H

Hormion, point at the intersection of the skull base and the line perpendicular to S-Ba

AD2

Adenoid tissue along the line from PNS to H

AD1

Posterior pharyngeal wall along the line from PNS to Ba

Ba

Most inferior-posterior point on anterior margin of foramen magnum

Ptm

Most posterior point of pterygomaxillary fissure

PNS–AD1 (mm)

Distance from PNS to AD1

AD1–Ba (mm)

Distance from AD1 to Ba

AD2–H (mm)

Distance between AD2 and H

PNS–Ba (mm)

Distance from PNS to Ba

Ptm–Ba (mm)

Distance from Ptm to Ba

PNS–H (mm)

Distance between PNS and H

SP1

Anterior border of thickest part of uvula

SP2

Posterior border of thickest part of uvula

P

Lower end of uvula

SP thickness (mm)

Distance between SP1 and SP2 points

SP length (mm)

Distance between PNS and P points

SP angle (°)

Angle between ANS-PNS line and PNS-P line

CVT

Cervical vertebra tangent: posterior tangent to the odontoid process through Cv4ip

OPT

Odontoid process tangent: posterior tangent to the odontoid process through Cv2ip

HR

Horizontal reference plane

VR

Vertical reference plane

SN–OPT (°)

Angle between SN and OPT

SN–CVT (°)

Angle between SN and CVT

OPT–HR (°)

Angle between OPT and HR

CVT–HR (°)

Angle between CVT and HR

OPT–CVT (°)

Angle between OPT and CVT

Hi–VR (mm)

Sagittal distance from point Hi to VR

Hi–HR (mm)

Vertical distance of Hi point to HR