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Table 5 Gram-negative bacteria measurements in subgingival plaque

From: Effect of oral gargle containing Lespedeza cuneata extract on periodontal health improvement and disease prevention: a randomized, controlled clinical trial

Variables

Group

Mean ± SD

Baseline

IPT

FPT

*p-value

Porphyromonas gingivalis

Maxilla

Saline

1719.56 ± 284.35a

1726.71 ± 599.22a

1048.60 ± 420.30a

0.076

 

Lespedeza cuneata extract

3021.33 ± 2393.37a

180.10 ± 274.77b

83.83 ± 102.91b

0.000

 

p-value

0.174

0.000

0.000

 

Mandible

Saline

1920.08 ± 1703.66a

2297.26 ± 483.09a

721.33 ± 204.71a

0.054

 

Lespedeza cuneata extract

2029.07 ± 1885.78a

83.30 ± 126.58b

5.00 ± 6.15b

0.001

 

p-value

0.914

0.000

0.000

 

Treponema denticola

Maxilla

Saline

668.41 ± 756.33a

537.96 ± 746.92a

426.93 ± 395.75a

0.784

 

Lespedeza cuneata extract

519.12 ± 486.64a

264.04 ± 293.60a

128.41 ± 164.18a

0.100

 

p-value

0.672

0.397

0.068

 

Mandible

Saline

20147.48 ± 26483.85a

1178.00 ± 650.15a

846.63 ± 438.63a

0.073

 

Lespedeza cuneata extract

12890.56 ± 13306.63a

377.60 ± 576.08b

101.60 ± 103.54b

0.002

 

p-value

0.543

0.024

0.002

 

Fusobacterium nucleatum

Maxilla

Saline

763405.58 ± 354923.01a

545372.31 ± 279594.74a

574268.86 ± 218581.66a

0.336

 

Lespedeza cuneata extract

1934684.25 ± 694857.37a

420170.67 ± 303094.92b

385497.04 ± 217478.71b

0.000

 

p-value

0.001

0.439

0.122

 

Mandible

Saline

1013721.57 ± 328581.04a

741980.57 ± 504432.09a

751504.38 ± 501037.69a

0.448

 

Lespedeza cuneata extract

1219147.18 ± 1225868.33a

675757.00 ± 534901.44a

237264.43 ± 123110.06a

0.093

 

p-value

0.935

0.907

0.032

 

Prevotella intermedia

Maxilla

Saline

2029.46 ± 1343.63a

1791.35 ± 735.74a

1344.32 ± 542.92a

0.464

 

Lespedeza cuneata extract

2626.23 ± 1805.01a

8.00 ± 8.66b

0.00 ± 0.000b

0.000

 

p-value

0.503

0.000

0.000

 

Mandible

Saline

1166.32 ± 737.20a

1006.05 ± 336.18a

637.80 ± 181.07a

0.298

 

Lespedeza cuneata extract

3940.83 ± 3644.60a

18.60 ± 28.38b

24.66 ± 24.86b

0.000

 

p-value

0.052

0.000

0.000

 

Prevotella nigrescens

Maxilla

Saline

25892.85 ± 37364.94a

2217.38 ± 3075.79a

1667.09 ± 1797.62a

0.111

 

Lespedeza cuneata extract

24803.89 ± 25047.38a

2112.11 ± 2487.72b

1598.11 ± 1459.22b

0.005

 

p-value

0.956

0.948

0.941

 

Mandible

Saline

28722.00 ± 12793.66a

24635.86 ± 12861.69a

3842.83 ± 2866.92a

0.304

 

Lespedeza cuneata extract

25478.00 ± 30082.30a

2591.00 ± 2175.46b

24.66 ± 24.86b

0.016

 

p-value

0.833

0.001

0.002

 

Eikenella corrodens

     

Maxilla

Saline

1285.59 ± 565.02a

969.14 ± 885.84a

916.05 ± 740.13a

0.731

 

Lespedeza cuneata extract

1560.96 ± 1112.96a

1262.10 ± 969.28a

588.24 ± 482.03a

0.158

 

p-value

0.613

0.579

0.375

 

Mandible

Saline

389.85 ± 410.07a

292.48 ± 232.89a

62.84 ± 50.27a

0.179

 

Lespedeza cuneata extract

201.37 ± 196.13a

0.00 ± 0.00a

0.00 ± 0.00a

0.011

 

p-value

0.296

0.009

0.014

 

Campylobacter rectus

Maxilla

Saline

2527.86 ± 2798.43a

2906.74 ± 3130.46a

2218.55 ± 1478.12a

0.906

 

Lespedeza cuneata extract

862.79 ± 584.37a

457.10 ± 497.13a,b

0.00 ± 0.00b

0.002

 

p-value

0.127

0.044

0.003

 

Mandible

Saline

5023.67 ± 31813.50a

35047.45 ± 31844.78a

13547.45 ± 11476.04a

0.084

 

Lespedeza cuneata extract

58580.82 ± 33725.85a

0.00 ± 0.00b

0.00 ± 0.00b

0.000

 

p-value

0.639

0.024

0.016

 
  1. IPT; immediately post-treatment; FPT; 5 d post-treatment
  2. p-values are determined by independent t-test
  3. *p-values are determined by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (p < 0.05). Values are means ± standard deviations; significant (bold); different letters (a, b, and c) indicate the statistically significant parameters