Table 2 Characteristics of studies recruited in the systematic review
Authors (time) | Country | Age (years) | Gender (F/M) | No. of patients | Predisposing diseases or risk factors | Involved sites/lesion | Laboratory test | Imaging findings | Management | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eisenberg et al. [57] | USA | (1) 28 (2) 38 (3) 72 | F | 3 | Corticosteroid (prednisone), acute renal failure (pyelonephritis), metabolic acidosis, hyperglycemia | (1) Mandible, maxillary alveolar ridges, nasal septum (2) Tongue, hard palate, uvula, eye (3) Cavernous sinus | (1) Hct-41, WBC-9,000, Scr-1.4, BUN-26, FBG-130 (2) Scr-2.8, BUN-63, FBG-260 (3) Hct-30, WBC-20,000, SMA-12 | (1) Diffuse mucosal thickening in both maxillary sinuses and frontal sinuses (2) NM (3) Right cavernous sinus thrombosis | AmB, surgical debridement | Alive follow-up |
Brown and Finn [56] | USA | 57 | M | 1 | Chronic renal failure, diabetes mellitus, hypertension | Mandible and adjacent soft tissue, lower lip | NM | Osteomyelitic mandible and a left parapharyngeal space abcess | AmB, mandibulectomy | Death—105 days |
Jones et al. [55] | USA | (1) 43 (2) 68 | M | 2 | (1) Acute myelogenous leukemia, acute renal failure, hepatosplenic candidiasis, pancytopenia (2) Diabetes mellitus (although well-controlled), persistent odontogenic infection, maxillary incisors extraction | (1) Right premolar region in the mandible, mandibular gingiva (2) Maxilla | NM | (1) Moderate horizontal and vertical bone loss (2) Fragments of necrotic bone | Fluconazole, AmB, surgical debridement | NM |
Salisbury et al. [54] | USA | 60 | M | 1 | Acute myelogenous leukemia, prostate cancer, hypertension, heavy use of alcohol and tobacco, pancytopenia | Right mandibular second molar | WBC-1200/μL, neutrophils-200/μL, Hct-24.5%, platelets-15,000/μL | Deep vertical bone defects, periapical radiolucency | AmB, surgical debridement | Alive follow-up |
Kim et al. [53] | USA | 57 | M | 1 | Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketoacidosis | Left cavernous sinus, left maxilla, maxillary, ethmoidal & frontal sinus, orbit, parotid, zygoma, supraorbital and frontal region | WBC-18,800/mm3, Hct-35.8%, platelets-201,000/cm3, Scr-1.5 mg/dL, glucose-428 mg/dL with positive ketones | Opacification of the left maxillary sinus, ethmoid sinus, and frontal sinus, early stage cavernous sinus thrombosis | Surgical debridement, frontal ventriculostomy (neurosurgical service) | Death – 7 days |
Maiorano et al. [52] | Italy | 66 | M | 1 | Generalized Castleman disease, mild neutropenia | Right hemi-face, involving the peri-orbital, zygomatic and maxillary areas, naso-sinusal congestion and diffuse ulcerative lesions of the palatal and cheek mucosa | WBC-4900/mL, peripheral CD4 T cells- > 500/μL | A soft tissue tumour-like expansion with central necrosis, involving the palatal mucosa and the paranasal sinuses | AmB, surgical debridement | Alive follow-up (3.5 years) |
Fogarty et al. [51] | Canada | 74 | M | 1 | COPD, corticosteroid, dental extraction | Left maxilla, inferior zygoma, nasal septum, pterygoid plate | NM | somewhat radiolucent of the contours of the lamina durae and sinus floor; lytic, destructive bony process | Low level maxillectomy, liposomal AmB | Death—43 days |
Alfano et al. [50] | Italy | 50 | F | 1 | Ketoacidosic diabetic coma, periodontitis, dental extraction, cerebral ischemia | Orbital floor, maxilla, hard palate, alveolar process | WBC-8,800 μL−1, glucose-580 mg dL−1, pH-7.09 | Variable clouding of the paranasal sinuses and destruction of the anterior sphenoidal wall | Aggressive surgical debridement; Specific antifungal regimen, consisting of i.v. combined therapy of Voriconazole (6 mg/kg for 2 doses, followed by 4 mg/kg twice a day), Caspofungin (70 mg on day 1, followed by 50 mg/day once a day), and liposomal AmB (1.5 mg/kg/day once a day) | Alive follow-up (16 months) |
Lador et al. [49] | Israel | 42 | F | 1 | Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, pancytopenia | a broad necrotic ulcer extending from the lingual aspect of teeth 21 to 25 to the adjacent labial mucosa | WBC-200/μL, platelets-6,000/μL | Normal mandible | AmB, surgical debridement | Death—14 days |
Pellacchia [48] | Italy | 57 | F | 1 | Diabetes mellitus | Para nasal sinus and brain | NA | Cerebral abscess | Surgical resection of the ethmoid-spheno-maxillo-orbital district | NA |
Jayachandran and Krithika [47] | India | 48 | M | 1 | Poor diabetic status, glycosuria, ketonuria, polymorphonuclear leucocytosis | Nasal cavity, left lower eyelid and infra orbital sinus, palate | FBG-426Â mg/dL | Destruction of the nasal septum centrally, destruction of the medial walls of the antra bilaterally and perforation of the palate inferiorly | AmB, cefotaxime and metronidazole surgical debridement | Alive follow-up |
Bakathir [46] | Oman | (1) 14 (2) 49 | M | 2 | (1) Acute myeloid leukaemia, dental extraction (2) Type-2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketoacidosis, neutropenia, pancytopenia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia | (1) Right maxillary sinus, nose and ethmoid; mandible alveolar bone (2) Mandible | (1) Platelets-38 × 109 (2) WBC-1.52 × 109/L, platelets-44.2 × 109, glucose-21 mmol/L | (1) A soft tissue swelling of the right infra-orbital region and marked soft tissue obliteration of the right maxillary sinus (2) Bone destruction | (1) Surgical debridement twice (with partial maxillectomy and FEES), irrigation with 0.2% Chlorhexidine antiseptic mouth wash, 3% hydrogen peroxide solutions (2) AmB, surgical debridement | Alive follow-up |
Dogan et al. [45] | Turkey | (1) 7 (2) 9 | M | 2 | (1) Acute myeloid leukemia (2) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia | Intraoral soft tissue lesions | NA | NA | (1) AmB, surgical debridement (2) Antifungal therapy | NM |
Auluck [44] | India | 58 | M | 1 | Diabetics, poor periodontal health | Maxillary alveolus and right maxillary sinus | FBG-238Â mg/dL, post prandial blood sugar-386Â mg/dL | Haziness of right maxillary sinus with erosion of lateral sinus wall | AmB, surgical debridement | Alive follow-up |
Kishel and Sivik [42] | USA | 49 | F | 1 | Acute myeloid leukemia | Pansinusitis | NM | NM | AmB lipid | Death—7 days |
Chua and Cullen [43] | Singapore | (1) 41 (2) 56 | 1/1 | 2 | Poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, hyperosmolar non-ketotic acidosis | Orbit and left maxilla, bilateral ethmoid sinus, and sphenoid sinus | (1) HbA1c-10.7% (2) HbA1c-12.8% | (1) Pan-sinusitis, involving the left maxillary, bilateral ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, with involvement of the left orbital apex (2) Pan-sinusitis, involving bilateral sphenoid, left ethmoid (anterior and posterior) and left maxillary sinuses, with obstruction of the left ostiomeatal unit and spheno-ethmoidal recess | (1) AmB, flagyl, augmentin; surgical debridement and septoplasty, FEES, left ethmoidectomy (2) AmB, flagyl, augmentin; surgical debridement and left uncinectomy, anterior and posterior ethmoidectomy as well as sphenoidectomy | Alive follow-up 1. Light perception with consequent optic atrophy; 2. No light perception of vision, third and trigeminal nerve palsies) |
McDermott et al. [41] | USA | 47 | F | 1 | Myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myelogenous leukemia | Left maxilla | WBC-60 cells/μL (0.06 K/μL), absolute neutrophil-undetected (< 0.00 K/μL), Hct-31.2%, platelets-20 K/μL | Negative for infectious etiology, no evidence of bone destruction | Surgical debridement, T-cell–depleted allogeneic stem cell transplant | Alive follow-up |
Ojeda-Uribe et al. [40] | France | 55 | F | 1 | Acute myeloid leukaemia, decompensated diabetes mellitus, neutropenic | Lower lip, chin, floor of the mouth, a portion of the tongue, as well as mandible | Neutrophils-0.1 × 109/L | Necrotic areas in the base of the oral cavity, pre-mandibular soft tissue and in a portion of the mobile tongue, but without involvement of the mandibula | AmB, Caspofungin, surgical debridement, mandibulectomy | Alive follow-up (6 years) |
Papadogeorgakis et al. [39] | Greece | 22 | F | 1 | Type I diabetes mellitus, dental extraction | Paranasal sinus on right side | HbA1c-12.3%, FBG-197 mg/dL, WBC-9.47 × 103, CRP-20.01 mg/dL | Thickening of the mucosal lining of the paranasal sinuses | AmB, posaconazole, subtotal right maxillectomy followed by obturator | Alive follow-up |
Pandey et al. [38] | India | (1) 42 (2) 62 (3) 65 (4) 70 | 3/1 | 4 | (1) Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, self-extraction (2) Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, self-extraction (3) Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, self-extraction (4) Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus on renal dialysis, chemical injury | Upper jaw | 1), 2), (4) NM (3) FBG-230 mg/dL, post prandial blood sugar-356 mg/dL | (1) NM (2) Maxillary sinus opacification with posterior wall destruction (3) Radio-opaque maxillary antrum and posterior wall destruction (4) Typical maxillary sinus opacification with sinus wall destruction | (1) Complete debridement of maxillary antrum through Caldwell–Luc procedure; inferior meatus antrostomy and buccal advancement flap for closure of oro-antral fistula. Liposomal AmB (2) Extraction of upper teeth, sequestrectomy and debridement of maxillary antrum. Liposomal AmB (3) Maxillary sequestrectomy, total antral curettage and complete debridement. Liposomal AmB (4) Local debridement. Ketoconazole | (1) Satisfactory on follow-up to 16 months (2) Satisfactory on follow-up to 24 months (3) Satisfactory on follow-up to 24 months (4) Satisfactory on follow-up to 18 months |
Doni et al. [37] | India | 49 | M | 1 | Chronic renal failure, hypertension, type II diabetes mellitus, polymorphonuclear leukocytosis | Rhino-maxillary | WBC-12,000/mm3, ESR-40 mm/1 h, random blood sugar-316 mg/dL, Scr-3.7 mg/dL | Soft tissue density with sclerosis of bony wall in relation to right maxillary sinus and defect in maxillary bone in the floor of right maxillary sinus | AmB, surgical debridement | Death—30 weeks |
Vaidya and Shah [36] | India | 68 | M | 1 | Hypertension, cardiovascular stroke | Right posterior ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary sinuses | WBC-15,800/cumm, high protein count of 75Â mg/dL detected in cerebrospinal fluid | Mucosal thickening of all sinuses with cellulitic changes in right orbit involving extraconal, intraconal, and preseptal compartment of orbit | Removal of fungal debris along with necrotic tissues by endoscopic surgery | NM |
Suwan et al. [35] | Thailand | NA | NA | 2 | Case 1: T-cell lymphoma Case 2: Tetralogy of fallot | Case 1: Left maxillary, frontal, ethmoid Case 2: Left maxillary and ethmoid sinus | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Aras et al. [34] | Turkey | (1) 6 (2) 15 | M | 2 | (1) Neuroblastoma (2) Acute myelogenous leukemia, thrombocytopenia | (1) Right mandibula (2) Left mandibula | (1) WBC-5.84 × 103μL, absolute neutrophil-2.5 × 103μL, Hct-31.4%, platelets-423 × 103μL (2) WBC-247 × 103μL, absolute neutrophil-57.4 × 103μL, Hct-26.2%, platelets-109 × 103μL | (1) NM (2) Left mandibular premolar and molar region was encompassed by white necrotic appearing tissue | AmB, surgical debridement | (1) Death—3 months (2) Death—7 months |
Ananthaneni et al. [33] | India | 63 | M | 1 | Diabetics (20Â years), long-term medication of aspirin (5Â years) | Upper back jaw region | FBG-90Â mg/dL | Destruction of the anterior hard palate and maxillary alveolar process from 21 to 18 | Right maxillectomy; flucanazole 150Â mg orally for 6Â months, and a combination drug of cefoperazone and sulbactum 1.2Â g intravenously for 10Â days, both of which were given twice daily and metronidazole 100Â ml intravenously thrice daily | Alive follow-up (12Â months) |
Kumar et al. [32] | India | 65 | M | 1 | Diabetics (10Â years) on irregular treatment with oral hypoglycemics, dental extraction | Entire maxillary alveolar process of palate up to the soft palate region | NM | Erosion of the anterolateral wall of right maxillary antrum with thickening of the sinus lining with moth eaten appearance of the maxillary bone seen | NM | NA |
Garlapati et al. [30] | India | 40 | F | 1 | Uncontrolled type II diabetes mellitus | Maxilla, paranasal sinuses | FBG-300Â mg/dL, post prandial blood sugar-402Â mg/dL | Nonhomogenous opacification of left maxillary sinus causing obstruction of left osteomeatal unit extending into middle meatus, ethmoidal, and frontal sinus causing destruction of walls of left maxillary and ethmoidal sinuses | AmB, surgical debridement | Satisfactory in follow-up |
Choudhary et al. [31] | India | 48 | F | 1 | Non immuno-compromised, dental extraction | Maxillary alveolus, palate, left maxillary sinus and nose | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Motaleb et al. [27] | Egypt | 57 | F | 1 | Facial cellulitis, dental extraction | Right buccal, infraorbital and temporal areas, chemosis | Absolute neutrophil-27.47 × 103, BUN-32.0 mg/dL, Scr-1.40 mg/dL, Hct-29.1%, platelets-242 × 103, random blood glucose-158 mg/dL | Clouding of the right nasal cavity, maxillary, ethmoid, frontal and sphenoid sinuses | AmB, surgical debridement | Death—14 days |
Nilesh et al. [26] | India | 72 | M | 1 | No significant medical or family history was reported. Dental extraction | A partially edentulous maxillary arch (left) | NA | Thickening of the left maxillary sinus lining | Surgical debridement, Posaconazole (400Â mg twice daily for 6Â weeks) | Satisfactory on follow-up to 6Â months |
Kumar et al. [25] | India | 63 | F | 1 | Type-II diabetes mellitus, dental extraction | Upper jaw (left maxillary sinus and maxilla) | Random blood sugar-346Â mg/dL, FBG-136Â mg/dL, post prandial blood sugar-226Â mg/dL | Bone destruction in anterior maxillary wall with obliteration of left maxillary sinus | AmB, surgical debridement | Alive follow-up |
Selvamani et al. [24] | India | 52 | M | 1 | Type II diabetes mellitus, dental extraction | Right maxillary sinus and anterior palatal region | NM | Haziness in the right maxillary region and perforation in the anterior palatal region | AmB, surgical debridement with anterior maxillectomy | NM |
Arya et al. [29] | India | 54 | M | 1 | Diabetes Mellitus, dental extraction | Bilateral maxillary and sphenoid sinuses, right maxilla, bilateral nasal cavity, ethmoidal air cells and pterygoid | NA | NA | Surgical debridement with maxillary obturator, AmB, voriconazole | NA |
Fanny et al. [28] | Indonesia | 46 | F | 1 | Non immuno-compromised, dental extraction | NM | NM | NM | Hyperbaric oxygen | Alive follow-up |
Mahomed et al. [23] | South Africa | 54 | F | 1 | Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, diabetic ketoacidotic coma with peri-orbital cellulitis and neurological impairment | Right orbit, right maxillary sinus, bilateral ethmoid, right sphenoid sinus and cavernous sinus | Glucose level-mmol/L, CRP-38, 1 + ketones present on urine dipstick testing | Partial opacification of the right maxillary, bilateral ethmoid and right sphenoid sinuses | Endoscopic antrostomy for debridement of the necrotic tissue, as well as an external fronto-ethmoidectomy; AmB | Alive follow-up (6 weeks) (irreversible blindness in the right eye as well as cranial nerve palsies) |
Habroosh et al. [22] | United Arab Emirates | 17Â months | M | 1 | Long term of intermittent systemic antibiotics due to diagnosis of dacrocystitis | Right medial canthal | NM | Right superior medial upper lid along the medial canthal area and extending inferiorly to the medial inferior orbital rim | AmB and Voriconazole; surgical debridement | NA |
Afroze et al. [21] | India | 50 | F | 1 | Uncontrolled diabetes, asthmatic, dental extraction | Right maxilla | FBG-154Â mg/dL, post prandial blood sugar-197Â mg/dL, HbA1c-8.3% | Hyperdensity of the maxillary antrum with destruction of all the boundaries of sinus including nasal wall and floor of the orbit | Venofer, surgical debridement | Alive follow-up (1Â year) |
Nilesh and Vande [20] | India | (1) 37 (2) 52 | M | 2 | Non immuno-compromised, dental extraction | (1) Maxillary alveolar bone (2) Left maxilla and maxillary sinus | NA | (1) Closure of the surgical site after removal of the necrosed alveolar bone (2) Thickening of left maxillary antrum lining, with destruction of anterior maxillary wall | AmB, surgical debridement | (1) Satisfactory on follow-up to 4Â months (2) Satisfactory on follow-up to 6Â months |
Prabhu et al. [19] | Bahrain | 70 | M | 1 | Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, dental extraction | Bilaterally throughout the nasal mucosa; right hard palate, alveolar ridge, and buccal mucosa | NM | Heterogeneous opacity in left maxillary sinus | Liposomal AmB; surgical debridement with right hemimaxillectomy, turbinectomy, uncinectomy, middle meatal antrostomy, ethmoidectomy and sphenoidectomy | Death—10 days |
Gholinejad Ghadi et al. [18] | Iran | (1) 36 (2) 53 | 1/1 | 2 | (1) Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, dental extraction (2) Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, dental extraction, neutropenia, | (1) Left posterior maxilla, paranasal sinuses (2) Left posterior maxilla, the corresponding gum | (1) FBG-231Â mg/dL, 2Â h postprandial blood sugar-248Â mg/dL (2) FBG-253Â mg/dL, 2Â h postprandial blood sugar-480Â mg/dL, | (1) Typical maxillary sinus opacification with sinus wall erosion and thickening (2) Paranasal, maxillary and ethmoid sinuses showed opacity and posterior wall destruction | (1) AmB, posaconazole; surgical debridement and FEES (2) AmB, surgical debridement, FEES, maxillary sequestrectomy | (1) Satisfactory on follow-up to 56Â days (2) NA |
Arani et al. [17] | Saudi Arabia | 48 | M | 1 | Diabetics, dental extraction | Left posterior back tooth region of the upper jaw | NM | Radiolucency extending from the alveolar ridge to maxillary sinus, breaking the floor of the sinus in relation to 26 | Surgical debridement | NM |
Srivastava et al. [16] | India | 62 | F | 1 | Type II diabetes mellitus, and the exodontia | Left midfacial region | FBG-139Â mg/dL, post prandial blood sugar-193Â mg/dL | A moth-eaten appearance of the left maxillary alveolar bone and haziness of the maxillary antrum of the same side | AmB, voriconazole; surgical debridement | Alive follow-up (2Â years) |
Mehta and Pandey [15] | India | 60 | M | 1 | Longstanding diabetics (> 10 years), mild lymphopenia, hypotension, COVID-19 | Right rhino-orbital | Scr-1.57 mg/dL, CRP-29.53 mg/L, PCT-0.34 ng/mL, D-dimer assay of 1547 ng/mL, IL6 level of 3439 µg/mL | NM | Meropenem, vancomycin, AmB | Death—6 days |
Dallalzadeh et al. [14] | USA | (1) 36 (2) 48 | M | 2 | Type 2 diabetes, COVID-19 | Rhino-orbital cerebral | Sars-CoV-2 positive | (1) Flow void through the left ophthalmic artery and superior ophthalmic vein; absence of enhancement within the left medial and lateral rectus muscles and along the optic nerve/sheath (2) The right sinonasal cavity and anterior skull base extending to the bilateral frontal lobes | (1) Urgent lateral canthotomy and cantholysis; AmB, isovuconazole, and micafungin; the cessation of corticosteroids (2) AmB, isovuconazole; surgical debridement was deferred | (1) Death—4 days (2) NM |
Mekonnen et al. [13] | USA | 60 | M | 1 | Poorly controlled insulin-dependent diabetes, asthma, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, bronchitis | Right rhino-orbital | HbA1c-14.0%, serum glucose was mildly elevated (105–143 mg/dL), Sars-CoV-2 positive | Right globe proptosis with asymmetric retrobulbar fat stranding and extensive opacification of right maxillary, ethmoid, and frontal sinuses; partial opacification of the right sphenoid sinus and erosions of the lamina papyracea | AmB, caspofungin; surgical debridement | Death—31 days |
Werthman-Ehrenreich [12] | USA | 33 | F | 1 | Hypertension, asthma, mild tachycardia, tachypnea | Left eye ptosis with 1 cm proptosis | WBC count of 27 with 82.9% neutrophils and 5.1% lymphocytes; glucose 649, Scr 2.28, and lactate 2.8; Sars-CoV-2 positive | Bilateral maxillary sinus mucosal thickening as well as ethmoid sinus mucosal thickening, and mucosal opacification of the ostiomeatal units | AmB; Neurosurgery was consulted for possible operative intervention but declined because of poor prognosis | Death—26 days |
Emodi et al. [11] | Israel | (1) 19 (2) 22 (3) 23 (4) 24 (5) 27 (6) 30 (7) 42 (8) 48 (9) 56 (10) 67 | (1) F (2) M (3) F (4) M (5) F (6) F (7) F (8) M (9) F (10) F | 10 | (1) Burkitt leukemia (2) Chronic myeloid leukemia; maxillary exodontia; multiple extractions in mandible (3) Acute myeloid leukemia; maxillary exodontia (4) Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (5) Acute myeloid leukemia (6) Acute myeloid leukemia; maxillary exodontia (7) Acute myeloid leukemia; maxillary exodontia (8) T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia; maxillary exodontia (9) Diffuse mixed cell lymphoma (10) Acute myeloid leukemia | (1) Escape of fluid through nose, black lesion on the right nostril and hard palate (2) Surroundings of extraction wound with necrosis (3) Ulcer on hard palate (4) Pain in palpation left maxilla (5) Right maxillary swelling, vestibular swelling, pain and necrosis of gum (6) Nonhealing extraction site with a massive hematoma in maxillary anterior right area (7) Nonhealing extraction site with necrosis of alveolar bone and palate (8) Nonhealing extraction site with black lesion, nasal congestion in maxillary anterior right area (9) Hard palate necrosis (10) Painful swelling of right face, palatal necrosis, fever | (1)WBC-1.9 × 103, Neutrophils-1.06 × 103, PLT-77 × 103, Blood Glucose-97 mg/dL (2)WBC-0.7 × 103, Neutrophils-0.6 × 103, PLT-52 × 103, Blood Glucose-132 mg/dL (3) WBC-0.8 × 103, Neutrophils-0.4 × 103, PLT-190 × 103, Blood Glucose-143 mg/dL (4) WBC-5.4 × 103, Neutrophils-3.4 × 103, PLT-144 × 103, Blood Glucose-122 mg/dL (5) WBC-2.4 × 103, Neutrophils-2.4 × 103, PLT-77 × 103, Blood Glucose-138 mg/dL (6) WBC-0.5 × 103, Neutrophils-0.01 × 103, PLT-3 × 103, Blood Glucose-100 mg/dL (7) WBC-1.7 × 103, Neutrophils-0.9 × 103, PLT-35 × 103, Blood Glucose-131 mg/dL (8) WBC-12.7 × 103, Neutrophils-4.3 × 103, PLT-18 × 103, Blood Glucose-122 mg/dL 9) WBC-0.5 × 103, Neutrophils-0.01 × 103, PLT-10 × 103, Blood Glucose-138 mg/dL 10) WBC-0.5 × 103, Neutrophils-0.01 × 103, PLT-18 × 103, Blood Glucose-124 mg/dL | (1) Nasal mucosa thickening (2) Right maxillary sinus fullness, socket nonhealing (3) Left maxillary sinus thickening (4) Left maxillary sinus fullness (5) Left maxillary sinus thickening (6) Right maxillary sinus thickening (7) Anterior socket nonhealing, nasal mucosa thickening (8) Nasal mucosa thickening (9) Left maxillary sinus thickening (10) Right maxillary sinus thickening | (1) AmB; Removal of right nostril inferior concha, partial ostectomy of maxillary sinus (2) AmB; Partial maxillectomy (3) AmB; Subtotal maxillectomy (4) AmB; Partial maxillectomy (5) AmB; Surgical debridement with partial maxillectomy (6) AmB; Surgical debridement with partial maxillectomy (7) AmB; Surgical debridement with anterior maxillectomy (8) AmB; Surgical debridement with partial maxillectomy (9) AmB; Total maxillectomy (10) AmB; Hemimaxillectomy | (1) Death—24 days (2) Death—272 days (3) Alive follow-up (4) Alive follow-up (5) Death—81 days (6) Alive follow-up (7) Death—58 days (8) Death—28 days (9) Death—20 days (10) Death—288 days |
Moorthy et al. [10] | India | Mean aged 54.67 (35–73 years old) | 3/15 | 18 | SARS-CoV-2; Uncontrolled Diabetes and Corticosteroids | Maxillofacial/rhino-cerebro-orbital | NM | NA | Liposomal AmB; Surgical debridement assisted with sinus endoscopy | Survival rate 66.67% (n = 12) |