Table 2 Multilevel multinomial logistic model explaining associations between profile membership and individual and contextual predictors

Individual-level variables

Age

0.97***

[0.97, 0.97]

1.04***

[1.04, 1.05]

0.98***

[0.97, 0.98]

0.84***

[0.83, 0.84]

0.97***

[0.97, 0.98]

0.97***

[0.97, 0.97]

1.04***

[1.04, 1.05]

0.98***

[0.98, 0.98]

0.83***

[0.83, 0.84]

0.97***

[0.97, 0.98]

Sex

(Ref.: Male)

Female

1.26***

[1.13, 1.39]

1.03

[0.89, 1.18]

1.14*

[1.01, 1.30]

1.25***

[1.10, 1.42]

1.19**

[1.07, 1.32]

1.26***

[1.14, 1.40]

1.02

[0.88, 1.17]

1.14*

[1.00, 1.30]

1.23**

[1.08, 1.39]

1.22***

[1.09, 1.36]

Region of birth

(Ref.: East Asia and Pacific)

Europe, Central Asia, Americas,

and Caribbean

2.49*

[1.21, 5.14]

1.33

[0.58, 3.05]

4.46***

[1.95, 10.18]

1.04

[0.37, 2.92]

2.93**

[1.36, 6.32]

2.44*

[1.15, 5.21]

1.38

[0.59, 3.27]

4.01**

[1.69, 9.51]

0.84

[0.28, 2.55]

3.81**

[1.69, 8.57]

Middle East and North Africa

2.05***

[1.59, 2.64]

1.10

[0.79, 1.53]

4.06***

[2.97, 5.54]

1.23

[0.90, 1.67]

2.10***

[1.60, 2.76]

1.84***

[1.42, 2.38]

1.08

[0.78, 1.50]

3.66***

[2.68, 5.01]

1.18

[0.87, 1.61]

2.26***

[1.71, 2.97]

South Asia

0.91

[0.71, 1.17]

1.14

[0.83, 1.57]

1.76***

[1.29, 2.40]

1.04

[0.78, 1.40]

2.57***

[1.97, 3.34]

1.06

[0.82, 1.37]

1.19

[0.86, 1.65]

2.07***

[1.51, 2.84]

0.99

[0.74, 1.32]

2.06***

[1.57, 2.69]

Sub-Saharan Africa

0.86

[0.69, 1.07]

0.59***

[0.44, 0.79]

1.03

[0.77, 1.37]

0.80

[0.62, 1.04]

1.80***

[1.43, 2.27]

1.01

[0.82, 1.26]

0.56***

[0.42, 0.76]

1.09

[0.81, 1.46]

0.68**

[0.52, 0.88]

1.52***

[1.20, 1.92]

Preferred language

(Ref.: English)

Arabic

1.18

[0.96, 1.47]

1.11

[0.83, 1.50]

0.77*

[0.60, 0.98]

1.39*

[1.06, 1.82]

1.65***

[1.32, 2.07]

1.07

[0.86, 1.32]

1.11

[0.82, 1.49]

0.74*

[0.58, 0.95]

1.51**

[1.15, 1.99]

1.79***

[1.43, 2.25]

Persian and Dari

1.33*

[1.04, 1.71]

2.19***

[1.59, 3.02]

1.33*

[1.01, 1.75]

1.55**

[1.16, 2.09]

1.40**

[1.08, 1.81]

1.29*

[1.01, 1.66]

2.18***

[1.58, 3.01]

1.32*

[1.00, 1.75]

1.50**

[1.11, 2.02]

1.42**

[1.09, 1.84]

Karen

1.01

[0.76, 1.34]

0.66*

[0.44, 0.98]

0.28***

[0.18, 0.45]

2.31***

[1.67, 3.22]

2.24***

[1.66, 3.03]

1.28

[0.95, 1.73]

0.73

[0.48, 1.09]

0.37***

[0.23, 0.58]

1.67**

[1.19, 2.33]

1.68***

[1.24, 2.29]

Burmese and Related Languages

1.20

[0.95, 1.53]

0.88

[0.61, 1.26]

0.70*

[0.50, 1.00]

1.15

[0.85, 1.55]

1.42**

[1.09, 1.85]

1.07

[0.83, 1.36]

0.87

[0.60, 1.25]

0.64*

[0.45, 0.92]

1.20

[0.88, 1.62]

1.62***

[1.23, 2.11]

Other Languages

1.16

[0.98, 1.37]

1.24

[0.97, 1.59]

0.76*

[0.62, 0.95]

0.97

[0.78, 1.20]

1.14

[0.96, 1.36]

1.05

[0.89, 1.25]

1.26

[0.98, 1.61]

0.74**

[0.59, 0.92]

1.04

[0.84, 1.29]

1.19

[0.99, 1.42]

Request for interpreter service

(Ref.: Yes)

No

1.08

[0.96, 1.22]

0.92

[0.79, 1.08]

0.87

[0.75, 1.01]

1.17*

[1.01, 1.34]

1.11

[0.98, 1.25]

1.03

[0.92, 1.16]

0.92

[0.78, 1.07]

0.83*

[0.71, 0.96]

1.16*

[1.01, 1.34]

1.23**

[1.09, 1.39]

Type of eligibility card

(Ref.: No card)

Health Care Card

0.70***

[0.60, 0.81]

1.50***

[1.19, 1.90]

0.97

[0.81, 1.17]

1.44***

[1.21, 1.72]

0.95

[0.81, 1.11]

0.68***

[0.58, 0.79]

1.52***

[1.21, 1.93]

0.99

[0.82, 1.19]

1.55***

[1.30, 1.86]

0.90

[0.77, 1.05]

Pensioner Concession Card

0.90

[0.75, 1.08]

2.12***

[1.63, 2.74]

1.42**

[1.14, 1.77]

2.74***

[2.20, 3.42]

1.31**

[1.09, 1.58]

0.89

[0.74, 1.08]

2.09***

[1.61, 2.71]

1.44**

[1.15, 1.80]

2.61***

[2.09, 3.27]

1.19

[0.99, 1.45]

Contextual-level variables

Urbanicity of residence

(Ref.: Metropolitan)

Regional

0.08***

[0.05, 0.15]

0.64

[0.35, 1.16]

0.19***

[0.10, 0.38]

1.48

[0.84, 2.60]

0.42**

[0.24, 0.72]

Rural

0.02***

[0.01, 0.06]

0.34*

[0.15, 0.78]

0.05***

[0.02, 0.15]

0.15***

[0.07, 0.34]

1.52*

[1.21, 3.24]

Socioeconomic disadvantage (tertile)

(Ref.: 1st - least disadvantaged)

2nd

0.73

[0.45, 1.20]

0.70

[0.40, 1.21]

0.70

[0.42, 1.18]

0.53*

[0.31, 0.92]

2.12**

[1.20, 3.75]

3rd

0.69

[0.42, 1.13]

0.65

[0.37, 1.13]

0.62

[0.36, 1.04]

0.61

[0.35, 1.04]

2.72***

[1.54, 4.81]

Refugee health program in CHC

(Ref.: No)

Yes

0.68*

[0.51, 0.92]

0.96

[0.69, 1.33]

0.65**

[0.48, 0.89]

0.97

[0.71, 1.34]

1.99***

[1.46, 2.70]

Driving SPAI scores

0.07***

[0.03, 0.15]

0.37*

[0.15, 0.88]

0.12***

[0.05, 0.30]

1.60

[0.75, 3.38]

1.57***

[1.15, 3.27]

Public transit SPAI scores

0.28***

[0.16, 0.47]

0.83

[0.47, 1.48]

0.45**

[0.25, 0.80]

1.17

[0.70, 1.95]

1.48***

[1.20, 3.11]

Random effects

Variance of the random intercept

(SA2 level)

1.15***

[0.87, 1.51]

1.05***

[0.79, 1.39]

0.86***

[0.64, 1.15]

ICC

0.259

0.242

0.208

PCV

(Reference)

23.70%

40.22%

Model fit indices

Number of observations

25542

24890

24880

Log-likelihood

-39524.68

-33082

-31010.89

AIC

79061.37

66316

62243.79

BIC

79110.25

66933.29

63145.31