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Table 2 Gingival Index (GI) and Plaque Index (PI) on the bracket and non-bracket sides before and after brushing using each toothbrush and their differences

From: Effects of blue-light LED toothbrush on reducing dental plaque and gingival inflammation in orthodontic patients with fixed appliances: a crossover randomized controlled trial

Side

Site

Visit

Mean (SE)

Mean Diff a,b

95% CI a

% diff c

P-value a

Manual

LED

Man

LED

Gingival Index

Bracket

All surface

Baseline

1.40 (0.08)

1.49 (0.07)

     

28 days

1.37 (0.07)

1.41 (0.07)

− 0.008

− 0.195,

0.178

-0.57

-0.54

0.930

Post-Pre

(Δ)

-0.03 (0.08)

-0.09 (0.07)

     

Non-bracket

All surface

Baseline

1.42 (0.08)

1.52 (0.08)

     

28 days

1.40 (0.07)

1.44 (0.07)

− 0.009

− 0.174,

0.156

-0.63

-0.59

0.913

Post-Pre

(Δ)

-0.02 (0.06)

-0.08 (0.07)

     

Plaque Index

Bracket

Proximal

Baseline

1.77 (0.09)

1.64 (0.10)

     

28 days

1.35 (0.11)

1.56 (0.10)

0.286

0.027, 0.545

16.16

17.44

0.031*

Post-Pre

(Δ)

-0.42 (0.12)

-0.08 (0.07)

     

Gingival

Baseline

1.80 (0.09)

1.74 (0.11)

     

28 days

1.46 (0.10)

1.50 (0.10)

0.072

− 0.170,

0.314

4.00

4.14

0.553

Post-Pre

(Δ)

-0.34 (0.12)

-0.24 (0.07)

     

Incisal

Baseline

0.97 (0.09)

0.94 (0.10)

     

28 days

0.73 (0.08)

0.82 (0.09)

0.109

− 0.109,

0.327

11.24

11.60

0.321

Post-Pre

(Δ)

-0.24 (0.08)

-0.12 (0.10)

     

All site average

Baseline

1.58 (0.08)

1.49 (0.10)

     

28 days

1.23 (0.09)

1.36 (0.09)

0.186

− 0.038,

0.409

11.77

12.48

0.101

Post-Pre

(Δ)

-0.36 (0.10)

-0.13 (0.07)

     

Non-bracket

All surface

Baseline

1.86 (0.07)

1.96 (0.07)

     

28 days

1.74 (0.09)

1.76 (0.09)

− 0.056

− 0.256,

0.144

-3.01

-2.86

0.576

Post-Pre

(Δ)

-0.12 (0.08)

-0.19 (0.06)

     
  1. aFrom ANCOVA analysis, bMean Diff = LED – Manual (based on estimated marginal means), c% diff = percentage calculated as (mean difference/mean of baseline) x 100, 95% CI = 95% confidence interval, *Significant difference (P < 0.05)