Clinical effects of probiotic or azithromycin as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of periodontitis stage III: A pilot randomized controlled clinical trial

Background: The aim of this triple- blind placebo- controlled parallel- arm randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the clinical effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1 or azithromycin as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with stage III periodontitis. Methods: Forty-seven systemically healthy participants with stage III periodontitis were recruited. Following SRP, the participants were randomly assigned to one of three treatment modalities; 1) placebo (n=15), 2) probiotics (n=16) and 3) antibiotics-azithromycin (n=16). The participants were monitored at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after therapy. Probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and plaque accumulation (PI) were evaluated. Results: All 47 participants completed the study. At 12 months, all groups showed signicant improvements of PPD and PI (p<0.012) irrespective of the treatment modality and without signicant differences between the groups. Probiotics and azithromycin showed no added benet in terms of CAL. While the placebo (p=0.002) and the antibiotic-azithromycin (p=0.002) group showed a signicant reduction of BOP, only the placebo group revealed a signicant reduction of CAL at 12 months follow-up (p=0.003). The number of sites and teeth with PPD ≥ 5, ≥ 6 and ≥ 7mm were signicantly reduced in all groups at 12 months follow-up (p<0.025) irrespective of the treatment regime and without signicant differences between the groups. Conclusion: use or as SRP failed to provide additional benets in The


Background
Periodontitis is characterized by a microbially-associated and host-mediated in ammation resulting in the loss of periodontal attachment [1]. This is caused by a dysbiotic microbiome in the subgingival bio lm in a susceptible host. The gold standard treatment to manage periodontitis is scaling and root planing (SRP) [2,3]. This treatment allows the removal of supra-and subgingival deposits, cementum or surface dentin that is rough, impregnated with calculus or contaminated with toxins or microorganisms [4]. However, SRP may also fail. This failure could be due to the presence of deep pockets and the ensuing di culties during the instrumentation, including the inaccessibility of certain areas such as furcations [5]. Therefore, patients with deep pockets, progressive or 'active' disease, or speci c microbiological pro le, can bene t from an antibiotic adjunctive therapy [6].
Systemic antibiotics have the advantage of reaching all oral surfaces and uids, in addition to having the potential to reach periodontal pathogens that eventually invade the host's tissue [7]. Azithromycin is a broad-spectrum bacteriostatic antibiotic [8] with immunomodulatory properties [9]. Due to its pharmacological properties azithromycin allows a once a day administration over 3 or 5 days, thus increasing patient compliance [8] and limiting the side effects. Azithromycin as an adjunct to SRP signi cantly improves the e cacy of non-surgical periodontal therapy in terms of probing pocket depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) reduction along with clinical attachment level gain [5,7]. SRP in conjunction with antibiotics is nevertheless not always associated with superior clinical results. The frequent recolonization of treated sites by periodontopathogens, as well as microbial resistance emergency calls for new therapeutic approaches for managing periodontitis. One such approach is the use of probiotics [9].
Probiotics are "living microorganisms, mainly bacteria, that are safe for human consumption and when taken in proper quantities may provide bene cial effects for the human health" [10]. The modes of action of probiotics are related to their ability to enhance mucosal barrier, produce antimicrobial agents, compete and exclude pathogenic agents, and modulate immune response. Lactobacillus and Bi dobacterium are the most common genera of bacteria in probiotics [11,12]. Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1 also known as L. rhamnosus GG, has been proposed as an adjunct to SRP, thanks to its ability to inhibit the growth of periodontopathogens through bacteriocins [13,14], its resistance to environmental stress [15], its immunomodulatory effect [16][17][18] and its inability to in uence the acidogenicity of the supragingival plaque [19]. However, the available evidence regarding the clinical effects of probiotics as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) is controversial. While some systematic reviews and narrative reviews [20] claim improved clinical outcomes, a recent systematic review concluded that probiotics did not provide clear clinical bene ts [21]. Thus, it remains unclear whether probiotics have an added bene t to SRP, thereby preventing their wide use in clinical practice.
The aim of the present study was, therefore, to evaluate the clinical effect of L. rhamnosus SP1 or azithromycin in the treatment of patients with stage III periodontitis generalized grade B. The null hypothesis states that either probiotics or azithromycin as an adjunct to SRP in stage III periodontitis, do not lead to superior clinical outcomes compared to those obtained with SRP alone.

Ethical guidelines
This trial started in June 2014 and nished in August 2016. This triple-blind placebo-controlled parallelarm randomized clinical trial was performed following guidelines recognized by the Declaration of Helsinki, as revised in 2013 for experimentation involving human participants. The study was approved by the Local Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry at the University of Chile (Decision number: 2012/ 08). The present report adheres to Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines and was registered in clinicaltrial.gov (identi er no. NCT02839408). The protocol of the study was explained to all patients, and informed consent was obtained after explanation of the purpose, nature, risks and bene ts of participating in this study. The study details have been reported elsewhere [22].

Patient selection criteria
Ninety-six volunteers were initially examined in the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Chile, of which 47 were included in the present study. Eligibility criteria for participants were as follows: (a) Adult patientsaged 35 or older; (b) Self-reported 'good health', with an absence of a medical history of a chronic disease or taking medication known to affect periodontal disease; (c) Non-institutionalized male or female; (d) Presence of a minimum of 14 teeth (excluding third molars); (d) presence of at least 10 posterior teeth (e) Presence of at least 5 teeth with periodontal sites with PPD ≥5mm and clinical attachment loss (CAL) ≥3mm, BOP ≥20% and extensive radiographically determined bone loss.
The exclusion criteria were as follows: (a) Pregnancy or lactation; (b) Having received any periodontal treatment in the 6-month period before the study; (c) Having received non-steroidal anti-in ammatory medication, antibiotics or probiotics therapy in the past 6 months (prior to study).

Randomization of the study participants
Eligible individuals were randomly (simple randomization) allocated to groups according to gender, age, and smoking status after the basal examination using a computer-generated list. All participants were enrolled to one of the three groups: 1) placebo (SRP + azithromycin placebo + probiotic placebo), 2) probiotic (SRP + probiotic + azithromycin placebo) or antibiotic (SRP + azithromycin + probiotic placebo) group ( Figure 1). Concealed allocation was performed using opaque, sealed envelopes containing probiotics or antibiotics arranged by an appointed research assistant. For the purpose of maintaining full blinding throughout the study period, the randomization code and details of the study groups were held by a research assistant only from the day of recruitment and were not revealed until all data had been collected and analyzed.

Clinical assessment
Periodontal clinical parameters including probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment loss (CAL) and plaque index (PI) were evaluated at six sites in all teeth, excluding third molars using a manual probe (UNC probe; Hu-Friedy Mfg. Co. Inc., Chicago IL, U.S.A). All measurements were conducted by one calibrated examiner (AM). Clinical examinations were performed at baseline, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after treatment.

Periodontal therapy
After baseline examinations, all patients received non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT). Scaling and root planing (SRP) per quadrant (4-6 sessions, by PC, RC and NS) were performed using an ultrasonic scaler (Cavitron, Dentsply, York, PA, U.S.A) and Gracey curettes (Hu Friedy Mfg. Co. Inc., Chicago, IL, U.S.A). Treatment included oral hygiene instructions, using a manual toothbrush. The patients started taking the placebo, probiotic or antibiotics after the last session of SRP. The Placebo group received probiotic placebo sachets and antibiotic placebo capsules. Probiotic group received probiotic sachets and antibiotic placebo capsules. Antibiotic group received antibiotic capsules and probiotic placebo sachets. Identical sachets were presented to patients. Individuals were instructed to dissolve 1 sachet (Lactobacillus rhamnosus SP1 (2x10 7 colony forming units/day) (Macrofood S.A., Santiago, Chile ) or probiotic placebo sachets in 150 ml of water and ingest it once a day after brushing their teeth, for 3 months. Azithromycin 500 mg (capsules) or antibiotic placebo capsules were ingested once a day for 5 days. Placebo sachets (probiotic placebo) and placebo capsules (antibiotic placebo) were identical in taste, texture, and appearance to the probiotic sachets and antibiotic capsules. Periodontal supportive therapy was performed every 3 months (by PC). The therapy provided at the maintenance appointment included removal of plaque and calculus, utilizing curets, ultrasonic devices, and rubber cup low-speed polish as suggested by the American Academy of Periodontology position paper [23]. Behavior modi cation (tobacco cessation, oral hygiene instruction, and systemic factor counseling) was performed based on patient ndings.

Compliance and adverse reactions
All patients returned capsules with antibiotics or placebo at 6-week visits and probiotics or placebo sachets at 1, 2 and 3-month visits. At every visit, patients received new sachets. In order to check the patient´s compliance, they were called by phone every week. In each control visit or phone call, the clinical examiner (AM) inquired after general health changes, use of mouth rinses, use of probiotic products and any adverse events.

Outcome variables
The primary outcome was the change in CAL. Secondary outcome variables were changes in PPD, PI and BOP, percentages of patients, teeth and sites with PPD ³5mm, ³6mm, ³7mm. Sub-analyses were performed on CAL and PPD, taking into account the initial PPD. A pocket was considered moderate if its initial PPD was between 4-6mm and deep if ³7mm. Changes or delta (∆) in clinical parameters (at subject level) from baseline to 3, 6, 9 and 12 months were determined. "Pocket" closure was de ned as mean and SD of percentage of sites going from PPD≥4 mm to PPD≤3mm at 3-and 12-months follow up [7]. "Risk for disease progression" was de ned at the patient level according to Lang and Tonetti [24]. Low risk was de ned as ≤4 sites with PPD ≥5mm, moderate risk was de ned as 5-8 sites with PD ≥5 mm, and high risk was de ned as ≥9 sites with PD ≥5 mm [24]. The "need for additional periodontal treatment" was de ned as persisting pockets ≥5 mm with BOP [25].

Statistical analysis
Sample size calculation was performed using CAL as the primary outcome variable. A signi cance level of a = 5% a and a power level of 80% was de ned. Considering a difference ≥1mm between groups in CAL changes and a standard deviation of 0.8 mm [26], 14 participants per group were necessary to detect potential differences. For all statistical evaluations, the patient was the unit of measurement. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the normality of the data sets. Quantitative data were recorded as the mean value ± standard deviation (SD) or percentage (%). The inter-group differences were determined

Results
Forty-seven patients were analyzed; 16 in the probiotic group, 16 in the antibiotic group and 15 in the placebo group. All participants completed the study period and complied with the study requirements ( Fig. 1). Adverse events were observed in one participant from the antibiotic group (nausea). The periodontal diagnosis of all participants was Stage III Periodontitis generalized grade B. Demographic, medical and clinical characteristics are described in Table 1. No signi cant differences were found between groups at baseline (p>0.05).
The mean CAL, PPD, BOP and PI values at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months follow-up of all groups are presented in Table 1. All treatment groups showed a signi cant reduction of PPD and PI at all timepoints, inter-group comparison however revealed that there were no signi cant differences between the treatment modalities (p>0.05) ( Table 1). In terms of CAL, the probiotic group showed a signi cant reduction at 3-and 9-month follow-ups whereas the antibiotic group showed a signi cant reduction at 3and 6-month follow-ups. The placebo group on the other hand, showed a signi cant reduction of CAL at all time points (p<0.0125). With respect to BOP, the antibiotic and placebo groups showed a signi cant reduction at 3-6-and 12-month follow-ups (p<0.0125) whereas the probiotic group did not exhibit any improvement at any time point (p>0.05).
The magnitude of statistical changes (Effect size) in all clinical parameters from baseline to 3-, 6-, 9-and 12-month follow-up was similar in all treatment modalities (Table 1). Furthermore, inter-group comparison revealed no signi cant differences in the changes (∆) of any clinical parameter between the treatment groups (p>0.05) Moderate pockets (PPD=4-6mm) in the antibiotic group revealed an increase in CAL at 3 months and a signi cant reduction of PPD at 12 months. Moderate pockets also showed a signi cant reduction in PPD in the placebo group at 3-and 12-month follow up in placebo group (Table 2. All, p<0.025).
The number of teeth and sites with PPD ≥5, ≥6 and ≥7 mm were signi cantly reduced in all groups and without signi cant difference between the treatment modalities at 12 months follow-up (p>0.05) ( Table   4). While probiotics reduced the percentage of patients with PPD ≥5 mm and PPD ≥6 mm at 12 months, antibiotics reduced the percentage of patients with PPD ≥6 mm and PPD ≥7 mm (p<0.025) (Supplement table 1).
The use of antibiotics signi cantly increased the number of patients with low risk for disease progression at 12 months, and also signi cantly reduced the number of patients at higher risk for disease progression (Supplement table 1). In addition, the antibiotic and placebo group showed at 12 months a reduced necessity for additional therapy in ≥3 sites but without signi cant differences between the both groups (Supplement table 1).

Discussion
This triple-blind placebo-controlled parallel-arm randomized clinical trial evaluated the clinical effects of L. rhamnosus SP1 administered once a day for 3 months or azithromycin plus SRP in stage III periodontitis generalized grade B. The present study predominantly revealed: i) a signi cant improvement of PPD and PI irrespective of the treatment modality and without signi cant differences between the groups; ii) no added bene t of probiotics or azithromycin in terms of CAL; iii) a signi cant reduction in the number of sites and teeth with PPD ≥5, ≥6 and ≥7mm in all groups at 12 month follow-up without differences between the treatment regimes. Therefore, the null hypothesis of the present study could not be rejected. This is the rst study evaluating and comparing the use of probiotics and antibiotics, in this case azithromycin, in the treatment of stage III periodontitis generalized grade B with 1-year follow-up. In general, all treatment groups revealed a signi cant improvement in PPD, BOP, CAL and PI, however, without signi cant differences between the treatment modalities. Hence, these results failed to exhibit an added bene t of probiotics and azithromycin. With respect to probiotics, the present results are in line with previous reports using probiotics as an adjunct therapy to SRP for the management periodontitis. The administration of Lactobacillus reuteri DSM-17938+ATCCPTA 5289 [27], Streptococcus oralis KJ3+Streptococcu uberis KJ2+Streptococcu rattus JH145 [28] or L. rhamnosus SP1 [29] [29] in conjunction with SRP did not enhance the clinical outcomes. Our observations are further supported by a very recent RCT which failed to demonstrate an additional clinical e cacy by the use of probiotics [30]. In that RCT, patients received L. reuteri ATCC PTA5289 twice a day in addition to SRP for 28 days and the patients were recalled at 3 and 6 months. The use of probiotics failed to provide a clinical bene t compared to SRP alone. Our study revealed a reduction in the percentage of patients, teeth and sites with PPD ≥5 mm, ≥6 mm and ≥7 mm in all groups, however without inter-group differences. These observations are supported by previous reports indicating a lack of effect of probiotics [29,30]. Overall, these ndings, in addition to the results of the present study, suggest that probiotics may not provide an added bene t to SRP at least in this type of patient.
Our ndings, on the other hand are in contrast to previous reports showing an added bene t of probiotics. Patients that received L. reuteri DSM-17938+ATCCPTA 5289 in conjunction to SRP showed a signi cantly higher PPD reduction along with a higher CAL gain at 12 month follow-up. Moreover, the probiotic group revealed a higher reduction of sites and patients with ≥6 mm [31] which could not be found in the present study. Outcomes from another report showed that patients who received L. reuteri ATCC 55730+ATCCPTA 5289 exhibited a higher reduction of CAL, PPD and BOP [32]. Similarly, the intake for 8 weeks of Lactobacillus salivarius WB21 by patients with periodontitis signi cantly enhanced the reduction of PPD at two month follow-up [33]. Furthermore, outcomes from a more recent RCT revealed a higher reduction of PPD and BOP by the use of L. reuteri lozenges {Ince, 2015 #434} . These positive results were corroborated by another group using Bi dobacterium animalis subsp. lactis HN019-showing improved PPD and CAL at 3 month follow-up [34]. This notable discrepancy with our ndings might be attributed to the probiotic itself [35]. One might speculate that not all probiotics produce the same effect, particularly in addition to SRP. Moreover, other factors such as strain, concentration, vehicle and administration time of the probiotic might account for these divergent results. Indeed, the selection of the ''best'' probiotic for oral health is still a matter of debate. The selection of L. rhamnosus SP1 for the present study was based on the bene cial effects in the immune response of children and adults [36][37][38]. Presumably, this immune modulation elicited by the Lactobacillus strain might limit the detrimental immune response observed in periodontitis.
As for the use of azithromycin, the present results in general failed to show a clear clinical advantage over SRP and placebo. These ndings are in accordance with previously published data where a clinical bene t of azithromycin in conjunction with SRP could not be determined [22,39,40]. This lack of additional bene t of azithromycin is in direct contrast with the conclusions of a recent systematic review with meta-analysis [41]. These differences might be attributed to the higher potential of meta-analysis to estimate an overall mean effect. Indeed, we found a signi cant reduction in the number of patients with PPD ≥7mm in the azithromycin group, however this difference was not robust enough to show a signi cant bene t compared to the other groups. It has been suggested that azithromycin produces some minor bene ts. In this regard, it should be noted that the inclusion of 3 treatment groups along with the corresponding correction for multiple comparison may have in uenced the power to nd minor differences between the groups. Thus, azithromycin may produce some bene ts but they could not be detected by our clinical trial. A recent systematic review underlined that the reported clinical advantage of azithromycin should be interpreted with caution since the major effect was derived from a single study [41] with a high risk of bias.
We recognize that this study has a number of limitations. First, the small sample size. Although a sample size calculation was performed, a larger sample size would allow for the detection of smaller differences between the adjunctive therapeutic agents. However, it should be noted that there is no consensus from which point a statistical difference is clinically relevant. Second, microbiological and samples were not taken, therefore it is unclear whether the probiotics triggered a microbial shift. In this sense, whether the probiotic bacteria actually colonized the oral cavity remains to be elucidated. Third, since the present study only included patients with stage III periodontitis grade B, the effect of probiotics or azithromycin on other stages and grades of periodontitis has yet to be determined. Future studies should include larger populations in different stages and grades of periodontitis.

Conclusion
In conclusion and within the limitations of the present study, the administration of L. rhamnosus SP1 or azithromycin in the treatment of stage III periodontitis generalized grade B failed to produce additional bene cial effects when compared to SRP on its own. Given the lack of bene ts and the con icting data in the literature, the bene ts of probiotics and azithromycin as an adjunct to SRP in the treatment of periodontitis remains unclear.