Association between gingival bleeding and gingival enlargement and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of subjects under fixed orthodontic treatment: a cross-sectional study

Table 5 **Unadjusted (RR) and Adjusted (RR*) assessments between independent variables associated to overall OHIP-14 scores**

Variables	n (%)	OHIP-14 Mean (SD)	OHIP-14 RR (95% CI)	OHIP-14 RR* (95% CI)
*Gender*			p 0.567	**
Male	159 (48.1)	2.67 (±1.89)	1.00
Female	171 (51.8)	2.84 (±2.31)	0.95 (0.80 – 1.12)
*Ethnicity*			p < 0.001	p < 0.001
White	263 (79.7)	2.48 (±2.13)	1	1
Non-White	67 (20.3)	3.74 (±1.62)	1.50 (1.30 -1.74)	1.29 (1.15 – 1.45)
Age (years)			p < 0.001	**
14-19	162 (49.0)	2.16 (±1.81)	0.62 (0.47 -0.81)
20-24	121 (36.6)	2.95 (±1.96)	0.84 (0.65 -1.0)
25-30	47 (14.2)	3.48 (±2.83)	1
Household Income (Wages)			p < 0.001	p < 0.001
≤ 5	270 (81.8)	3.13 (±2.0)	3.18 (2.09 – 4.84)	1.85 (1.30 – 2.61)
> 5	60 (18.1)	0.98 (±1.61)	1	1
*BMI* ( Kg / m ² )			p < 0.001	p 0.033
<25	296 (89.7)	2.61 (±2.10)	1	1
≥ 25	34 (10.3)	3.82 (±1.78)	1.46 (1.22 -1.74)	1.14 (1.01 – 1.29)
TUFOT (Months)			p < 0.001	**
≤ 6-12	263 (79.7)	2.29 (±0.76)	1
> 12	67 (20.3)	3.31 (±2.96)	1.50 (1.30 – 1.74)
*DAI*			p < 0.001	p < 0.001
*<30*	237 (71.8)	2.12 (±1.58)	1	1
*≥30*	93 (27.7)	4.31 (±2.43)	2.02 (1.74 – 2.35)	1.32 (1.20 -1.46)
*Dental floss*			p 0.315
Users	81 (24.5)	2.48 (±2.76)	1
Non-users	249 (75.5)	2.82 (±1.83)	1.13 (0.88 – 1.46)
AGE			p < 0.001	p < 0.001
	330 (100%)	__	3.55 (3.29 – 3.82)	2.83 (2.60 -3.09)
WMGB			p 0.790
	330 (100%)	__	1.00 (0.99 – 1.00)

RR rate ratio; AGE Anterior gingival enlargement; BMI body mass index; TUFOT time under orthodontic fixed appliance; DAI dental aesthetic index; WMGB whole mouth gingival bleeding.
*Adjusted by gender, ethnicity, age, Household Income, BMI, TUFOT, DAI, dental floss use, AGE and WMGB.
** Variables not included in the final multiple model after adjustment RR rate ratio; AGE Anterior gingival enlargement; BMI body mass index; TUFOT time under orthodontic fixed appliance; DAI dental aesthetic index; WMGB whole.

ISSN: 1472-6831