Table 2 Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney U test results for bivariate relationship between decayed, missing, or filled tooth surfaces (dmfs) (Outcome Measure) and model covariates for Head Start children (N = 115)

Main predictor variable

Developmental delay

P = .92

 No

1.0

 Yes

0.5

Ascribed factors

Age (years)

P = .27

 3

0.0

 4

1.0

 5

2.0

Sex

P = .30

 Male

0.0

 Female

2.0

Race

P = .24

 White

0.0

 Non-White

2.0

Proximal factors

Communication Difficulties

P = .47

 No

0.5

 Yes

1.5

Dental home

P = .30

 No

4.0

 Yes

0.0

Immediate factors

Caregiver education level

P = .42

 Less than high school

0.0

 High school

2.0

 More than high school

0.0

Caregiver employment

P = .66

 Unemployed

2.0

 In school or training

2.0

 Employed

0.0

Family structure

P = .73

 Single parent

0.5

 Two parents

1.0

Child lives in a smoke-free home

P = .32

 No

1.0

 Yes

0.0

Macro factor

Lives in a community with fluoridated water

P = .32

 No

1.0

 Yes

0.0