Table 2 Anti-caries Therapeutics for Controlled Release
From: Biomaterials Approaches to Combating Oral Biofilms and Dental Disease
Agent Released | Mode of Action | Relative Costs | Reference |
Fluoride | mixed mode | low | Aaltonen et al., 2000 [18] |
Chlorhexidine | disinfectant | low | Twetman, 2004 [19] |
Xylitol | noncariogenic sweeteners | low | Smits & Arends, 1985. [20] Tanzer, 1995 [21] |
Commercial antibiotics | mixed targets | moderate | Â |
Anti-bacterial peptides (defensins, magainin derivatives, bacteriocins and cecropins) | cell membrane perforation | moderate/high | Otvos et al., 2004 [22] Ericksen et al., 2005 [23] |
pH Buffers | maintain non-acidic pH | low | Lynch, 2004 [24] |
Chelators (EGTA) | strips Ca+2 from biofilm polysaccharide; causes biofilm disruption | low | Ozerdem et al., 2003 [25] Raad et al., 2003 [26] |
Polysaccharide modifiers (lyase, AlCl3) | Â | moderate | Albrecht and Schiller, 2005 [27] Stoodley et al., 2001 [28] |
Enzymes (proteases) | enzymatically degrades cell walls and adhesin proteins | moderate/high | Berg et al., 2001 [29] Johansen et al., 1997 [30] Sato et al., 1983 [31] |
Quorum sensing analogs (furanones, salicylic acid) | negates las and Rhl regulon systems, down-regulates polysaccharide synthesis | moderate/high | Daniels et al., 2004 [32] Baveja et al., 2004 [33] |
Anti-adhesin blockers | negates specific adhesion of select bacteria to exclusive ligand | high | Hajishengallis et al., 1992 [34] |