Study | Endpoint | Time of exposure | Statistic | Exposeda | Unexposeda | Nb | Summary of statistical testsc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wickholm 2004 [10] | Plaque index | Ever | % ≥ 2.0 | 2.6 | 2.0 | 4 | OR 1.29 (0.45–3.70)d |
Montén 2006 [12] | Plaque | Current | % | 59.0 | 64.0 | 19 | OR 0.75 (0.32–1.76) |
Wickholm 2004 [10] | Calculus index | Ever | % ≥ 2.0 | 5.9 | 3.8 | 9 | OR 1.57 (0.76–3.23)d |
Montén 2006 [12] | Gingivitis | Current | % | 47.0 | 50.0e | 16 | OR 0.94 (0.41–2.15) |
Modeer 1980 [6] | Gingival index | Not known | mean | 1.10 | 0.89 | - | p < 0.001f |
Rolandsson 2005 [20] | Gingival index | Current | mean | 12.4 | 13.1 | - | Difference not significant |
Wickhol m 2004 [10] | Gingival index | Ever | % ≥ 2.0 | 8.5 | 12.0 | 13 | OR 0.68 (0.38–1.22)d |
Rolandsson 2005 [20] | Gingival bleeding | Current | % | 10.0 | 20.0 | 4 | OR 0.44 (0.12–1.62) |
Bergström 2006 [11] | Gingival bleeding | Current | - | - | -e | - | No significant difference |
 |  | Former | - | - | -e | - | No significant difference |
Frithiof 1983 [17] | Gingival recession | Current | % | 9.5 | - | 2 | - |
Andersson 1989 [18] | Gingival recession | Currentg | % | 17.8 | - | 44 | Prevalence higher in loose snuff users (23.5%) than in portion-bag users (2.9%), p < 0.05 |
Wickholm 2004 [10] | Gingival recession | Ever | % | 64.7 | 59.9 | 99 | OR 1.22 (0.87–1.73)d |
Rolandsson 2005 [20] | Gingival recession | Current | % | 17.5 | - | - | - |
Montén 2006 [12] | Gingival recession | Current | % | 42.0 | 17.0 | 14 | OR 3.72 (1.40–9.99)h |
Wickholm 2004 [10] | Pocket depth | Ever | %≥ 5 mm | 10.5 | 9.5 | 16 | OR 1.11 (0.64–1.92)d |
Bergström 2006 [11] | Pocket depth | Current | - | - | -e | - | No significant difference |
 |  | Former | - | - | -e | - | No significant difference |
Montén 2006 [12] | Pocket depth | Currentg | mean | 2.3 | 2.4 | - | No significant difference |
Montén 2006 [12] | Attachment loss | Currentg | mean | 0.2 | 0.1 | - | No significant difference |
Montén 2006 [12] | Alveolar bone level | Currentg | mean | 1.3 | 1.3 | - | No significant difference |
Bergström 2006 [11] | Bone Heightj | Current | mean | 1.0 | 1.06e | - | No significant differencei |
 |  | Former | mean | 1.12 | 1.06e | - | No significant differencei |
Wickholm 2004 [10] | Periodontal diseasel | Current | - | - | - | - | OR 0.66 (0.30–1.32)k |
 |  | Former | - | - | - | - | OR 2.55 (0.80–6.80)k |