Study | Endpoint | Time of exposure | Statistic | Exposeda | Unexposeda | Nb | Summary of statistical testsc |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ernster 1990 [34] | Plaque | Snuff ever | % | 25.8 | 29.7d | 154 | OR 0.82 (0.65–1.03) |
Ernster 1990 [34] | Plaque | CT ever | % | 30.2 | 29.7d | 52 | OR 1.02 (0.72–1.46) |
Wolfe 1987 [30] | Calculus | ST current | %e | 21.6 | 20.5f | - | "Virtually no difference" |
Offenbacher 1985 [29] | Gingivitis | ST use | % | 72.0 | 77.1 | 54 | OR 0.76 (0.44–1.32) |
Cummings 1989 [31] | Gingivitis | ST current | % | 35.3 | 33.3 | 6 | OR 1.09 (0.15–7.80) |
 |  | ST former | % | 50.0 | 33.3 | 1 | OR 2.00 (0.08–51.6) |
 |  | CT current | % | 33.3 | 33.3d | 3 | OR 1.00 (0.11–8.95) |
 |  | Snuff current | % | 28.6 | 33.3d | 4 | OR 0.80 (0.10–6.25) |
Robertson 1997 [38] | Severe gingivitis | ST current | % | - | - | - | "Prevalence equally distributed" |
 |  | ST former | % | - | - | - | "Prevalence equally distributed" |
Wolfe 1987 [30] | Gingival bleeding | ST current | %e | 6.2 | 7.1f | - | "Virtually no difference" |
Ernster 1990 [34] | Gingival bleeding | Snuff ever | % | 5.9 | 8.8d | 35 | OR 0.64 (0.43–0.96) |
Ernster 1990 [34] | Gingival bleeding | CT ever | % | 9.9 | 8.8d | 17 | OR 1.13 (0.65–1.96) |
Offenbacher 1985 [29] | Gingival recession | ST use | % | 60.0 | 14.1 | 45 | OR 9.15 (5.40–15.5)g |
Wolfe 1987 [30] | Gingival recession | ST current | mean %e | 0.4 | 0.6f | - | "Virtually no difference" |
Creath 1988 [32] | Gingival recession | Snuff ever | % | 0.3 | 0.0 | 1 | No significant difference |
Cummings 1989 [31] | Gingival recession | ST current | % | 41.2 | 16.7 | 7 | OR 3.50 (0.33–36.9) |
 |  | ST former | % | 50.0 | 16.7 | 1 | OR 5.00 (0.15–167) |
 |  | CT current | % | 55.6 | 16.7d | 5 | OR 6.25 (0.50–77.5) |
 |  | Snuff current | % | 35.7 | 16.7d | 4 | OR 2.78 (0.25–30.9) |
Ernster 1990 [34] | Gingival recession | Snuff ever | % | 26.4 | 13.8d | 158 | OR 2.24 (1.73–2.90)h |
Ernster 1990 [34] | Gingival recession | CT ever | % | 11.0 | 13.8d | 19 | OR 0.77 (0.46–1.29) |
Robertson 1997 [38] | Gingival recession | ST use | % | - | - | - | ST users had "significantly more recession" |
Christen 1979 [46] | Gingival recession | ST current | % | 50.0 | - | 7 | - |
Robertson 1997 [38] | Gingival recession increase | ST use | mean (mm) | 0.36 | No change | - | Not tested |
Creath 1988 [32] | Rolled gingival margins | Snuff ever | % | 3.1 | 3.4 | 9 | OR 0.91 (0.42–1.99) |
Ernster 1990 [34] | Pocket depth | ST use | % ≥ 4 mm | - | -d | - | No significant difference |
Robertson 1997 [38] | Pocket depth | ST use | % | - | - | - | No significant difference |
Wolfe 1987 [30] | Attachment loss | ST current | %e | 3.9 | 3.3f | - | "Virtually no difference" |
Ernster 1990 [34] | Attachment loss | Snuff ever | % | 10.7 | 4.4d | 64 | OR 2.63 (1.75–3.93)h |
Ernster 1990 [34] | Attachment loss | CT ever | % | 4.7 | 4.4d | 8 | OR 1.07 (0.49–2.32) |
Beck 1995 [24] | Attachment loss (new lesions)i | ST use | % | - | - | - | OR 2.99 (p = 0.001)j |
Beck 1995 [24] | Attachment loss (lesion progression)k | ST use | mean | - | - | - | No associationl |
Greer 1983 [27] | Periodontal degenerationm | ST use | % | 25.6 | - | 30 | - |
Poulson 1984 [28] | Periodontal degenerationm | ST use | % | 26.8 | - | 15 | - |
Sinusas 1992 [36] | Periodontal diseasen | ST use | % | 19.3 | 21.2 | 17 | OR 0.89 (0.42–1.87) |
Fisher 2005 [43] | Periodontal diseaseo | ST current | % | 9.8 | 4.3 | 29 | OR 2.1 (1.2–3.7)p |
Fisher 2005 [43] | Periodontal diseaseo | ST former | % | 9.1 | 4.3 | 38 | OR 1.5 (0.9–2.6)p |