Table 1 Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the sample (n = 32)

Maternal age, years (%)

 18-20 y

1 (3.1)

 20-25

3 (9.4)

 25-30

6 (18.8)

 30-35

13 (40.6)

 35-40

6 (18.8)

 40-45

2 (6.3)

 45-50

1 (3.1)

BMI prio to pregnancy, kg/m²

 Mean ± SD

25.68 ± 4.53

 Mean ± SD

Comorbidities, N (%):

 First trimester

12 (37.5)

 Second trimester

13 (40.6)

 Third trimester

7 (21.9)

Level of education, N (%):

 Primary School

0 (0.0)

 Secondary School

8 (25.0)

 High School

16 (50.0)

 Degree

8 (25.0)

Tobacco use, yes, N (%):

6 (18.8)

Comorbidities, N (%):

 Gestational diabetes

2 (6.3)

 Gestational hypertension

1 (3.1)

 Preeclampsia

0 (0.0)

Conception, N (%):

 Spontaneous

27 (84.4)

 In-vitro fertilization,

5 (15.6)

Marriage, N (%):

23 (71.9)

Celibacy, N (%):

9 (28.1)

Race, N (%):

 White

31 (96.9)

 Black

1 (3.1)