Table 2 A comprehensive overview of the optical properties observed in the included studies on different yttria-stabilized zirconia materials

Salah 2023 [39]

translucency parameter (TP) contrast ratio (CR) and with various sintering protocols

5 YPSZ (DD CubeX 2)

3 YPSZ (DD Bio ZX2)

10

Conventional sintering

120 min holding time at 1450 C

Speed sintering

50 min holding time at 1450 C

Superspeed

Sintering started at 1580 C with 10 min holding time

1 mm

spectrophotometer (Cary 5000 UV–Vis-NIR; Agilent Technologies)

TP/CR

DD CubeX 2:

Conv.13.32 ± 0.19/ 0.73 ± 0.006

Speed 11.5 ± 0.23/0.785 ± 0.004

Superspeed4.68 ± 0.2/0.913 ± 0.005

DD Bio ZX2

Conv. 9.82 ± 0.25/ 0.826 ± 0.008

Speed 7.76 ± 0.4/0.879 ± 0.005

Superspeed 6.12 ± 0.22/ 0.898 ± 0.004

Yousry 2023 [40]

translucency parameter (TP) contrast ratio (CR) and with various sintering protocols

3 YPSZ

10

Conventional and speed sintering following the manufacturers’ instructions

0.4 mm

spectrophotometer (Vita Easy-Shade V; Vita Zahnfabrik)

TP00/CR

InCoris: Conv. 14.86 ± 0.07/ 0.77 (0.004. Speed: 13.20 ± 0.08/0.79 ± 0.01

Lava: Conv: 13.83 ± 0.04/0.788 ± 0.01. Speed:11.07 ± 0.09/ 0.8 ± 0.005

Katana utml: Conv. 20.77 ± 0.05/ 0.505 ± 0.003 Speed: 19.52 ± 0.05/ 0.525 ± 0.005

Cercon Xtml: Conv. 18.94 ± 0.05/ 0.542 ± 0.002 Speed 17.58 ± 0.05/ 0.565 ± 0.005

Zolid:Conv. 17.03 ± 0.02/0.556 ± 0.006 Speed15.43 ± 0.27/ 0.574 ± 0.003

Savas 2022 [41]

translucency parameter TP₀₀, contrast ratio CR after different sintering methods

3YPSZ InCoris TZI

10

classic (C); (duration: 8 h), 1500 ^◦C for 120 min

speed (S); (duration: 130 min),1540 ◦C for 25 min

super-speed sintering (SS) (duration: 130 min), 1580 ◦C for 10 min

1.5 mm

spectrophotometer (Vita Easy-Shade V; Vita Zahnfabrik)

TP₀₀ Classic 7.37 ± 0.34

Speed 7.41 ± 0.48

Super-speed 7.10 ± 0.61

CR

Classic 0.74 ± 0.015

Speed 0.73 ± 0.015

Super-speed 0.74 ± 0.022

Liu 2022 [42]

translucency parameter (TP) after different sintering protocols

4Y-PSZ: Katana HT, Zpex4,

5Y-PSZ: Katana STML,

Zpex Smile,

6Y-PSZ: Katana UTML

15

conventional-sintering CS (1500 for 12 min, total time 7 h)

speed-sintering SS (1515 C for30 mins, total time 90 min)

1.2 mm

colorimeter (CR-13; Konica-Minolta Sensing, Tokyo, Japan)

Results were shown in figures. Translucency (TP) was not significantly influenced by the sintering method

- highest TP was Kat. UTML CS (25.40 ± 0.48)/ lowest TP Zpex Smile SS (15.34 ± 0.54)

Liu 2022 [43]

translucency TP of different sintering using two colorimeters

3Y-PSZ: Cercon HT (HT),Copran Zr-i Ultra-T (UT)

5Y-PSZ: Cercon xt (XT),

5

Conventional and rapid sintering according to the manufacturers’ instructions

0.5, 0.8, and 1.2 mm

Vita Easy-shade V, zahinfabrik,Germany (Vita)

Shadepilot,DeguDent, GmbH, Germany (DD)

Results were shown in figures

TP values of the CS, RS group were nearly, except XT group with DD. XT was significantly highest TP

Vafaei 2022 [44]

translucency parameter (TP) with various sintering temperature

5Y-PSZ: -White Peaks Symphony (WPS)

-e. max ZirCAD (IEZ)

10

at 1530, 1500, or 1440 °C with 17 °C/min heating rate for 2 h

1 mm

digital camera (Canon EOS 6D 20.2MP)

(TP) WPS 1440: 9.25 ± 0.99, 1500: 11.33 ± 0.68, at 1530: 13.34 ± 0.83

IEZ 1440: 8.12 ± 0.47, 1500: 9.32 ± 0.25, at 1530: 10.65 ± 0.48

Park 2022 [45]

translucency parameter (TP)

5Y-PSZ: Rainbow High Shine,

4Y-PSZ:Rainbow Shine, 3Y-PSZ:RainbowShade,

lithium disilicate

10

sintered according to the manufacturers’ instructions

0.8 mm and 1.5 mm

spectrophotometer (SpectroShade Micro; MHT Optic Research AG)

TP at 0.8 mm: 3Y-TZP: 13.32 ± 0.32

4Y TZP: 14.12 ± 0.18

5Y TZP: 16.47 ± 0.39

Lithium disilicate 19.17 ± 0.29

TP at 1.5 mm:3Y-TZP: 10.55 ± 0.14

4Y TZP: 11.89 ± 0.26

5Y TZP: 14.13 ± 0.12

Lithium disilicate: 14.20 ± 0.32

Kongkiatkamon.2022 [46]

Effect of speed sintering on translucency parameter (TP)

5Y-PSZ: Katana STML

15

RS: regular sintering for 2 h, at 1550 ◦C

SS: speed sintering for16 min, at1560 ◦C

1.23 mm

spectrophotometer (HunterLab, ColorQuest XE, Laboratory Inc., Reston)

TP: Regular Sintering10.581 ± 0.798

Speed Sintering 9.052 ± 0.618

CR:

Regular Sintering = 0.787 ± 0.034

Speed Sintering = 0.833 ± 0.021

Mourouzis 2022 [47]

translucency parameter (TP₀₀) and contrast ratios after three milling methods

3Y-PSZ: inCoris TZI

5Y-PSZ: Katana STML

15

according to the manufacturer’s instruction

Katana: dry-milled total sintering time18 min 1560 ºC,

For the wet-milled: additional drying cycle at 200 ºC, for 12 min

inCoris TZI: dry-milled total sintering time 28 min, 1580 ºC

For the wet-milled: additional drying cycle at 200 ºC, for 3 min

1 mm

spectrophotometer Shimadzu UV (2401PC Series, UV–VIS)

TP00: inCoris TZI: dry milling: 11.8 ± 0.7 Wet mill:Distilled water:12.3 ± 0.3 Impregnated water: 10.7 ± 1.3

Katana STML dry milling: 21.9 ± 1.4 Wet mill:Distilled water 20.6 ± 0.4 Impregnated water:5.4 ± 1.2

CR inCoris TZI dry milling: 0.74 ± 0.1 Wet mill:Distilled water:0.92 ± 0.02 Impregnated water 0.94 ± 0.02

Katana STML dry milling: 0.85 ± 0.03 Wet mill:Distilled water: 0.90 ± 0.03 Impregnated water:0.96 ± 0.01

Kanpalta 2022 [48]

translucency parameter (TP)

lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD LT)

5YPSZ:Prettau Anterior (PZA), VITA (YZ XT). M6YPSZ Katana UTML

5

various sintering temperatures 1550

C / 1450

C

2 h holding time

1 mm

spectrophotometer VITA Easyshade Advance 4.0; VITA Zahnfabrik)

TP: UTML: At 1450; 12.11 ± 0.41

At 1550 12.62 ± 1.2

PZA: At 1450; 14.01 ± 0.64 At 1550; 14.88 ± 1.91

YZ XT: At 1450; 13.73 ± 0.19

At; 1550; 13.72 ± 0.58

IPS: 18.93 ± 0.52

Jerman 2021 [49]

Light transmittance

Zirconia (pritidenta GmbH): O opaque (3YPSZ), T translucent (3YPSZ),ET extra translucent (4YPSZ), HT high translucent (5YPSZ)

15

1450 ◦C with 2 h holding time

1.45 mm ± 0.04 mm

UV/Vis spectrophotometer (LAMBDA 35, PerkinElmer LAS, Germany)

Light transmission coefficient percentage: O = 26.6/ T = 31.6

ET = 33.7 / HT = 35.3

Lümkemann 2021 [50]

Light transmittance

Y-PSZ0.25 (Ceramillzi),

3YPSZ0.05 (CeramillZ),

5YPSZ (Ceramill Z fx),

Pre 4YPSZ (Ceramill Z ht + Preshades)

4YPSZ (Ceramill Z ht +)

30

according to the manufacturers’ instructions

conventionally sintered 5Y-TZP, 3Y-TZP 0.05, 3Y-TZP 0.25, and 4Y-TZP were at 1450

C

high-speed sintered for pre4Y-TZP, 4Y-TZP at 1580

C

1.2 mm

an UV/Vis spectrophotometer (LAMBDA 35, PerkinElmer LAS, Germany)

Light transmittance%

5Y-TZP = 23.7 ± 0.6

3Y-TZP 0.25 = 9.5 ± 0.4

3Y-TZP 0.05 = 12.1 ± 0.4

pre 4Y-TZP speed = 13.1 ± 1.3

4Y-TZP speed = 0.1 ± 0.0

4Y-TZP = 16.8 ± 0.4

LiSi 2 = 34.0 ± 0.9

Reyes et al.,  2021 [51]

translucency parameter (TP)

lithium disilicate (IPS e.max, Press HT, LT)

3YPSZ: BruxZir,

5YPSZ: BruxZir Anterior, Katana STML

M6YPSZ Kat UTML

12

followed the manufacturers’ instructions

1 ± 0.05 mm

A spectrophotometer (CM-2600D; Minolta,Inc)

TP: BruxZir: 19.78 ± 0.99, BruxZir Anterior: 25.33 ± 0.75, Kat UTML: 27.87 ± 0.27, Kat STML26.37 ± 0.28

e.max LT 32.85 ± 0.84, e.max HT: 37.34 ± 1.4

Pekkan 2021 [52]

translucency parameter (TP) with various sintering protocols and thicknesses

3Y-PSZ CopranZri (CZI)

4Y-PSZ CopraSupreme (CSP),

5Y-PSZ CopraSmile (CSM)

5

120 min at 1500 °C, slow programme (SLP)

90 min at 1500 °C on the normal rate (NRP)

30 min at 1500 °C.Speed program (SPP)

120 min at 1600 °C Translucency program (TRP)

0.7, 1.0, 1.3 mm

a chromometer (Minolta CM- 2300d series; Minolta Sensing, Inc.)

TP: CZI:

Slow program (SLP):

0.7 mm 8.64 ± 0.45

1 mm 7.50 ± 0.78

1.3 mm 6.84 ± 1.29

Normal program (NRP):

0.7 mm 8.63 ± 0.29

1 mm 6.98 ± 0.73

1.3 mm 5.26 ± 0.37

Speed Program (SPP)

0.7 mm 8.22 ± 0.29

1 mm 6.41 ± 0.13

1.3 mm 5.09 ± 0.13

Translucency program (TRP):

0.7 mm 9.96 ± 0.25

1 mm 7.90 ± 0.16

1.3 mm 6.66 ± 0.16

CSP: Slow program (SLP):

0.7 mm 12.62 ± 0.16

1 mm 11.13 ± 0.14

1.3 mm 9.91 ± 0.12

Normal program (NRP):

0.7 mm 12.75 ± 0.15

1 mm 11.17 ± 0.10

1.3 mm 9.64 ± 0.36

Speed Program (SPP)

0.7 mm 13.07 ± 0.21

1 mm 1.24 ± 0.13

1.3 mm 9.73 ± 0.14

Translucency program (TRP

0.7 mm 11.73 ± 0.47

1 mm 11.45 ± 1.65

1.3 mm 10.79 ± 0.83

CSM:Slow program (SLP):

0.7 mm 13.78 ± 0.20

1 mm 12.00 ± 0.35

1.3 mm 10.62 ± 0.11

Normal program (NRP):

0.7 mm 13.02 ± 0.42

1 mm 11.76 ± 0.61

1.3 mm 10.82 ± 0.49

Speed Program (SPP)

0.7 mm 11.59 ± 0.49

1 mm 10.43 ± 0.78

1.3 mm 9.40 ± 0.40

Translucency program (TRP

0.7 mm 13.37 ± 0.25

1 mm 11.86 ± 0.46

1.3 mm 10.92 ± 0.48

Luz 2021 [38]

Translucency parameter (TP)

3Y-TZP Vipi Block

Not mentioned

Conventional sintering: 1530 ◦ C / 10 h

microwave speed sintering:1450 ◦ C /1 h 45 min

1.2 mm

Not mentioned

TP: Conventional sintering: 29 ± 0.8

microwave speed sintering: 13 ± 1

Yang 2020 [53]

Translucency parameter (TP)

3Y-TZP: Copran Zr

3Y-PSZ:Copran Zr-I Ultra-T, Copran Zr-I Ultra-T white, CecronHT

5Y-PSZ: Cecron XT

5

Conventional sintering CS:

130 min/1520 ◦C:Cecron HT, XT,

90 min/1500 ◦C: Copran Z, Zr-I Ultra-T, Zr-I Ultra-T white

Speed sintering SS:

35 min/1540 ◦C: Cecron HT, XT

90 min/ 1500 ◦C: Copran Z, Zr-I Ultra-T, Zr-I Ultra-T white

1-mm

A spectrophotometer (Cary 5000 UV–Vis-NIR; Agilent Technologies)

The result did not mention in numerical values. RS process has a different impact on the optical qualities

-significant differences between CS &SS

Cardoso 2020 [54]

translucency parameter (TP)

5Y-PSZ Prettau Anterior

15

2 h dwell time, at 1450

C and at 1600

C

1.2 ± 0.01 mm

spectrophotometer (CM 2600d; Konica Minolta Sensing Inc)

TP: At 1450, 15.45 ± 0.18

At 1600 15.58 ± 0.37

Cho2020 [55]

Translucency parameter (TP)

lithium disilicate (Rosetta SM)

4Y- PSZ (Katana STML), 3Y- PSZ (Katana HT) 5Y-PSZ (Katana UTML)

10

according to the manufacturer’s recommendations

0.8 and 1.5 mm

a spectrophotometer (SpectroShade Micro)

TP: at 0.8 mm: HT 11.58 ± 0.57, STML13.90 ± 0.17/ UTML 15.36 ± 0.5

Rosetta SM 19.18 ± 0.29

At 1.5 mm

HT 7.75 ± 0.57, STML 11.68 ± 0.23

UTML12.64 ± 0.19

Rosetta SM14.20 ± 0.39

Cokic 2020 [56]

Contrast ratio CR / translucency parameter TP

5Y-PSZ:Katana STML,

3Y-PSZ:inCoris TZI,

CEREC Zirconia

7

STMLSS: 1560 ◦C /30 min and (CEREC ZrSS)1578 ◦C/15 min

STML CS 1550 ◦C/6.8 h and inCoris TZICS 1510 ◦C/4 h

3.5 mm

a spectrophotometer (SpectroShadeTM MICRO, MHT Optic Research)

Results in figures higher TP for Kat STMLSS and Kat STMLCS than CEREC ZrSS and inCoris TZICS

-CEREC ZrSS TP = 15

Kim2020 [57]

Light transmittance (T%), translucency parameter (TP)

3Y-TZP (Luxen Zr,

4Y-PSZ (Luxen Enamel),

5Y-PSZ (Luxen Smile),

IPS e.max CAD

10

S: air-sintered at 1500C for two hours before being air-cooled

rapidly cooled RS: at 1500C for one hour then rapidly air-cooled within 1–2 min

1 mm

a spectrophotometer (Ci7600; X-Rite, Grand Rapids)

3Y-TZP: TP: S = 4.43 ± 1.62, T%30.86 (5.82)

RS = TP: 4.65 ± 0.39, T%:32.59 (4.73)

4Y-PSZ: S = TP:8.47 (1.38), T%44.13 (5.27)

RS = TP: 8.93 ± 0.43, T%:49.39 (2.99)

5Y-PSZ: S = TP: 9.37 ± 1.31, T%:51.08 (4.38)

RS = TP:9.66 ± 1.06, T%:53.94 (1.06)

e.max CAD:

TP: 17.42 ± 0.29, T%: 86.17 (0.91)

Sanal2020 [58]

translucency parameters (TP00) with different temperatures,shades and thicknesses

5Y-PSZ Katana STML

10

Three sintering temperatures (1350

C, 1450

C, and1600

C) with 2 h dwell time

(1 mm-1.5 mm

A spectrophotometer (Vita EasyShade, Vita Zahnfabrik)

TP00 shade a2

1 mm: at 1350:7.55 ± 0.86, at 1450:8.31 ± 0.27, at 1600:8.6 ± 0.77

1.5 mm: at 1350, 4.98 ± 0.36, at 1450: 6.93 ± 0.35, at 1600:6.77 ± 1.37

shade a3

1 mm: at 1350: 7.2 ± 0.8, at1450: 8.35 ± 0.22, at 1600: 9.11 ± 0.22

1.5 mm: at 1350:4.99 ± 0.64, at 1450:6.56 ± 0.47, at 1600:7.42 ± 0.52

Lawson2020 [59]

translucency parameter (TP00) with different sintering

5YPSZ: KatanaSTML,

Prettau Anterior and Zpex Smile

IPS e.max CAD

10

conventional 7-h

preprogrammed speed sintering 30 min

preprogrammed speed sintering 18 min

1 mm

spectrophotometer (Color-i7; X-Rite, Grand Rapids)

TP₀₀

Katana STML (18 min) 7.64 ± 0.20

Katana STML (30 min) 7.61 ± 0.25

Katana STML (7 h) 7.88 ± 0.25

Prettau Anterior (30 min 3.96 ± 0.26

Prettau Anterior (7 h) 7.88 ± 0.27

Zpex Smile (30 min) 5.17 ± 0.12

Zpex Smile (7 h) 8.47 ± 0.17

IPS e.max CAD 9.33 ± 56

Aljanobi [60] 2020

Translucency parameter (TP)

5YPSZ: Prettau, 2Dispersive, PrettauAnt

-IPS e.max CAD HT

12

manufacturer’s instructions

1 mm

a spectrophotometer (LabScan XE, Hunter Associates Lab. Inc.)

TP results in figures

-Different TP among materials

Emax significantly highest TP

Zhang2019 [61]

Contrast ratio (CR)

3Y-PSZ Zpex

4Y-PSZ Zpex4

5Y-PSZ ZpexSmile

6

1450 °C holding time 2 h

0.5 mm

spectrophotometer (SpectroShadeTMMICRO,OpticResearch)

Zpex 0.54 ± 0.02

Zpex4 0.47 ± 0.01

ZpexSmile 0.36 ± 0.01

Walczak 2019 [62]

contrast ratio (CR), (TP) translucency parameter

3YPSZ: BruxZir Solid

3YPSZ: Zenostar

3YPSZ: Lava Plus

30

manufacturer’s instructions

0.50 ± 0.01 mm

A spectrophotometer (Gretag SPM 100; Gretag Limited)

BruxZirTP:11.66 ± 0.73 CR:0.76 ± 0.01/ Zenostar:TP12.96 ± 0.89, CR0.74 ± 0.18

Lava Plus: TP10.59 ± 0.72,CR0.79 ± 0.14

Alshamrani/ 2019 [63]

translucency parameter (TP)

5YPSZ: Ceramill Zolid FX / 3YPSZ: e.max Zircad

5

1200

C, holding time 2 h

1.5 mm

a spectrophotometer (CR-321;Minolta Co. Ltd.)

TP Ceramill Zolid FX: 21.43 ± 0.55

IPS e.max Zircad: 12.95 ± 1.45

Elsaka 2019 [64]

contrast ratio (CR), translucency parameter (TP)

5YPSZ Prettau Anterior (PA), Ceramill Zolid FX Multilayer (CZF),

4YPSZ:ZenostarT (ZT)

30

manufacturer’s recommendations

1 mm

spectrophotometer (CM-2006d;Konica Minolta)

CZF: TP 19.41 ± 0.49,CR:0.56 ± 0.02

PA: TP 16.83 ± 0.41,CR: 0.74 ± 0.03

ZT: TP 15.88 ± 0.45,CR: 0.76 ± 0.03

Li 2019 [65]

transmittance

with different sintering protocols

3Y-PSZ: ST Preshaded UPCERA Zirconia

10

Total time:

CS: 15 h

CS‐R:40 min,

R‐1: 12 min,

R‐2: 25 min

R‐3: 40 min

0.5 mm

a spectrophotometer (Color i7800, Xrite)

Results were shown in figures

lowest light transmittance is R1

-transmittance is similar between CS and R‐2 and R‐3

Jansen et al. 2019 [66]

Light transmittance

3Y- PSZ: Zolid (ZD) and Ceramill ZI

4Y- PSZ: Zolid HT + 

10

2 Speed sintering (1570

C and 1590

C)

Conventional sintering (1450

C)

1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 mm

a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (LAMBDA 35)

results were shown in figures

sintering protocols had no significant effect on the translucency of ZI

Translucency significantly decreased for ZD and HT + with speed sintering

Juntavee 2018 [67]

Contrast ratio (CR), translucency parameter (TP)

3Y-PSZ: VITA YZ HT

15

various sintering (HP, 180 min), (HR, 120 min), (HS,60 min) and various temperatures: (SD, 1350 °C), (SI, 1550 °C), (SR, 1450 °C)

1.5 mm

spectrophotometer (ColorQuest XE, Hunter Associated Laboratory)

TP, CR Mean ± sd (95% confidential interval CI)

for SDHS: TP 1.4 ± 0.13, CR 0.982 ± 0.004,

for SDHR TP:2.16 ± 0.10, CR: 0.967 ± 0.005

for SDHP TP:2.24 ± 0.10, CR:0.964 ± 0.004

for SRHS: TP: 3.03 ± 0.10, CR:0.945 ± 0.003

for SRHR TP 3.19 ± 0.17, CR: 0.942 ± 0.003

for SRHP TP: 3.42 ± 0.10, CR:0.937 ± 0.003

for SIHS: TP:3.16 ± 0.09, CR: 0.937 ± 0.002

for SIHR TP:3.05 ± 0.20, CR: 0.939 ± 0.005

for SIHP.TP:2.95 ± 0.18, CR: 0.942 ± 0.006

Yan/ 2018 [68]

translucency parameter (TP), Contrast ratio (CR)

5Y-PSZ: Zpex Smile

4Y-PSZ: Zpex 4

3Y- PSZ: Zpex

IPS e.max CAD

10

Zpex: 1530 °C

Zpex 4:1450 °C

Zpex Smile: 1450 °C

1.0 ± 0.2 mm

SpectroShade Micro; MHT

Zpex TP: 24.0 ± 0.1,CR: 0.48 ± 0.00

Zpex 4 TP:24.2 ± 0.6, CR: 0.47 ± 0.01

Zpex Smile TP: 29.7 ± 0.4 0.37 ± 0.00

IPS e.max CAD: TP = 34.3 (0.9)

CR = 0.37 (0.01)

Liebermann 2018 [69]

light transmittance

3 Y-TZP Bruxzir (BX), Lava Frame (LF),

Cercon (CE),

3Y-PSZ: Zenostar (ZS), Prettau (PT), Lava Plus (LP)

Lithium disilicate:LS2 (EM)

20

recommended by the manufacturer

LF,LP 0.3,1 mm;

PT &BX 0.5,1 mm;

ZS & CE 0.4,1 mm;

BX 0.5,1 mm

EM1mm

A spectrophotometer (CM-2006d, Germany)

Light transmittance

EM 1 mm 44.72 ± 0.005

LF 0.3 mm 40.19 ± 0.004

PT 0.5 mm 33.54 ± 0.005

BX 0.5 mm 39.59 ± 0.008

CE 0.4 mm 38.52 ± 0.006

ZS 0.4 mm 33.95 ± 0.005

LP 0.3 mm 41.15 ± 0.006

BX 1 mm 31.61 ± 0.008

LF 1 mm 26.26 ± 0.002

LP 1 mm 28.09 ± 0.003

PT 1 mm 25.94 ± 0.014

ZS 1 mm 19.64 ± 0.003

CE 1 mm 25.30 ± 0.007

Inokoshi, 2018 [70]

translucency parameter (TP)

3YPSZ: Katana HT

5YPSZ: KatanaSTML,

5YPSZ: Zpex Smile. 6MYPSZ:KatanaUTML

5

1550

C with 2 h Dwelling

time

0.5 mm

a colorimeter (CR13; Konica-Minolta Sensing)

TP: Kat UTML (36.7 ± 1.8),

Kat HT (29.5 ± 0.9), Zpex Smile (33.1 ± 0.7), Kat STML (34.2 ± 0.7)

Sen 2018 [71]

translucency parameter (TP)

3YPSZ: Vita YZHTColor (VYZb), VitaYZHT White (VYZa), Prettau Zirkonzahn (PZ)

5Y- PSZ: Prettau Anterior (PZA)

10

Final sintering temperatures (1350

C, 1450

C, and 1600

C)

1.0 ± 0.05 mm

spectrophotometer, (Color Eye 7000A Xrite; GretagMacbeth)

VYZa colored:1350

C 15.28 ± 0.43,

1450

C 17.14 ± 0.71,

1600

C 18.26 ± 0.36

VYZb precolored1350

C 17.28 ± 0.56, 1450

C 18.03 ± 0.87,

1600

C 18.40 ± 0.27

VYZa noncolored:1350

C 16.42 ± 0.62, 1450

C 17.49 ± 0.38, 1600

C 18.05 ± 0.44

PZ colored:1350

C 14.37 ± 0.27

1450

C 15.73 ± 0.74

1600

C 16.74 ± 0.46

PZ noncolored1350

C 14.86 ± 0.21

1450

C 16.05 ± 0.36

1600

C 16.32 ± 0.28

PZA colored:1350

C 18.96 ± 0.65

1450

C 21.34 ± 1.04

1600

C 22.76 ± 0.62

PZA noncolored:1350

C 19.23 ± 0.4

1450

C 20.80 ± 0.89

1600

C 22.03 ± 1.55

Mao/ 2018 [37]

contrast ratio, translucency parameter TP

5Y- PSZ: Zpex Smile

3Y- PSZ: Zpex

3

followed the manufacturer’s instruction

1 mm

Colorimeter (SpectroShade Micro; MHT)

ZpexTP16.35 ± 0.99, CR0.48 ± 0.004 Zpex Smile TP32.81 ± 1.42, CR0.34 ± 0.02

Kwon 2018 [72]

translucency parameter

TP₀₀

3YPSZ: Katana HT

M6-YPSZ:Katana utml

e.max CAD LT, HT

10

followed the manufacturer’s instruction

1.5 mm (e.max 1.1 mm)

a spectrophotometer (CM-700d; Konica)

TP₀₀ Kat utml (8.30 ± 0.24), Kat HT (6.96 ± 0.53), e.max CAD HT (12.64 ± 0.48) e.max CAD LT (9.28 ± 0.36)

Zadeh 2018 [73]

Light transmittance (Tt%)

5Y- PSZ: DD cubeX2,

CopraSmile,

Ceramill Zolid FX,

NOVAZIR MaxT,

StarCeram Z‑Smile

Priti multidisc ZrO 2,

IPS e.max Press

10

followed the manufacturer’s instruction

1 mm

spectrophotometer (Lambda 35; PerkinElmer LAS)

Light transmittance (Tt%):

Ceramill Zolid FX 38.3 ± 0.3

CopraSmile 37.1 ± 0.3

NOVAZIR MaxT 33.1 ± 0.5

DD cubeX2 37.3 ± 0.3

StarCeram Z‑Smile 33.6 ± 0.2

priti multidisc ZrO 2 37.6 ± 0.5

IPS e.max Press 40.4 ± 0.4

Alghazzawi et al. 2017 [74]

Contrast ratio (CR), Translucency parameter (TP)

3Y- PSZ: Zenostar ZR,

ZirluxFG2, Bruxzir Solid

4Y- PSZ: Katana HT, Nexx ZrT

10

followed the manufacturer’s instruction

0.4 mm

Spectrophotometer (Crystaleye, ModelCE 100-DC/US, v1.3.1.0; Olympus Corp)

ZirluxFG2 TP: 21.2 ± 0.3, CR:0.47 ± 0.01, KatanaHT TP: 24.3 ± 0.5, CR: 0.43 ± 0.01, NexxZrT TP:20.1 ± 0.7, CR: 0.49 ± 0.01, Zenostar ZR: TP24.1 ± 0.4,CR:0.41 ± 0.01 Bruxzir Solid TP: 21.2 ± 0.4, CR:0.50 ± 0.01

Kim and Kim 2017 [75]

Translucency parameter TP₀₀ with different sintering

3Y- PSZ: Rainbow Shade

9

Conventional: 8 hs /1500 ◦ C holding 2 h

Microwave: 2 hs/1500 °C holding 30 minuted

0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mm

a spectrophotometer (Color iControl, X-Rite)

TP₀₀ results shown in figures

statistically significant differences among thicknesses and sintering

Carrabba 2017 [76]

contrast ratio (CR)

5Y- PSZ:Aadva NT[NT]

3Y- PSZ:Aadva EI [EI]

3 Y-TZP:Aadva ST [ST],

IPS e.max CAD LT[LD]

10

followed the manufacturer’s instructions

1.0 ± 0.1 mm

a spectrophotometer (PSD1000, OceanOptics)

CR: LD 0.56 ± 0.02

ST 0.74 ± 0.01

NT0.65 ± 0.01

EI 0.69 ± 0.01

Stawarczyk/ 2016 [77]

contrast ratio (CR)

3 Y-TZP:Ceramill ZI

3Y PSZ: Zenostar, DD BioZX2, Ceramill Zolid, InCoris TZI

15

followed the manufacturer’s instructions

0.5

A spectrophotometer (CM-2600d, Konica)

CR: Zenostar: 0.57 0.01, DD Bio ZX 2: 0.62 ± 0.01, Ceramill Zolid: 0.57 ± 0.01, InCoris TZI: 0.57 ± 0.01, Ceramill ZI: 0.77 ± 0.01

Kim et al. 2016 [78]

contrast ratio (CR)

3Y PSZ: Rainbow Shade (A05, A2),

Upcera‑ST A1,A2,A3

5Y PSZ: Rainbow High Shine A0, A1,A2

e.max CADLT,HT (A1,A2,A3)

5

followed the manufacturer’s instructions

1.5 mm

spectrophotometer (Color i5, X-Rite)

Rainbow Shade:

A05 = 1.53 ± 0.6/ A2 = 0.61 ± 0.11

‑Rainbow High Shine:

A0 = 1.66 ± 0.93, A1 = 1.68 ± ,0.74,A2 = 2.31 ± 0.35

Upcera‑ST: A1 = 0.79 ± 0.43,,A2 = 0.72 ± 0.38, A3 = 0.56 ± 0.15

e.max LTA1 13.75 ± 1.87/ e.max LTA2 15.63 ± 0.20/ e.max LTA3 12.83 ± 2.26/ e.max HTA1 19.78 ± 2.88/ e.max HTA2 22.41 ± 0.21/e.max HTA3 22.66 ± 0.30

Vichi 2016 [79]

contrast ratio (CR), translucency parameter (TP),

3 Y-TZP: inCoris ZI,

VITA In-Ceram YZ)

3YPSZ: IPS e.max Zir-CAD, inCorisTZI, VITA In-Ceram YZ HT

10

according to manufacturer instruction

1.2 mm

spectrophotometer (PSD1000, OceanOptics)

e.max ZirCADTP:11.48 ± 0.53,CR 0.75 ± 0.01. inCorisZI:TP12.64 ± 0.93/ CR:0.74 ± 0.02, inCorisTZI: TP14.05 ± 0.31 / CR:0.68 ± 0.01

In-Ceram YZ TP:13.78 ± 0.28/ CR: 0.70 ± 0.01. In-CeramYZ HT:TP: 14.44 ± 0.34/ CR: 0.68 ± 0.01

Abdelbary 2016 [80]

translucency parameter TP

3Y- PSZ: inCoris TZI

15

90 min and 1540° C sintering temperature

0.5, 0.8, 1, 1.2 mm

spectrophotometer (Vita EasyShade)

TP 0.5 mm = 16.12

0.8 mm = 13.67, 1 mm = 11.49

1.2 mm = 9.25

Harada 2016 [81]

Light transmittance

3YPSZ:BruxZir,

4YPSZ:Katana HT

5YPSZ:Prettau Anterior,

M5Y- PSZ:Katana ST

M6Y-PSZ:Katana UT

e.max CAD LT

5

followed the manufacturer’s instructions

0.5, 1.0 mm

spectrophotometer (Evolution 300 UV–Vis; ThermoFisher

Light transmittanceT% 0.5/1.0 mm

BruxZir 28.82 ± 0.22/ 20.13 ± 0.22

Kat HT 28.49 ± 0.14/ 20.18 ± 0.39

Prettau Ant. 31.88 ± 0.49/ 22.58 ± 0.41

Kat UT 33.73 ± 0.13/ 23.37 ± 0.27

Kat ST 31.67 ± 0.24/ 21.86 ± 0.14

E-max LT 40.32 ± 0.25/ 27.05 ± 0.56

Tuncel 2016 [21]

contrast

Ratio (CR)

3Y- PSZ: Prettau Zirconia

5

1600 °C final temperature, with 2 h holding time

0.5 mm

spectrophotometer (Vita Easyshade Compact,Bad Sackingen)

CR 0.796 (± 0.004)

Sulaiman et al.2015 [82]

Translucency parameter (TP)

contrast Ratio (CR)

3 Y-TZP: ICE Zircon (ICE)

3YPSZ: Prettau (PRT), Zenostar (ZEN),

Bruxzir (BRX),

Katana (KAT),

fully stabilized zirconia (5Y-FSZ): Prettau Anterior

5

followed the manufacturer’s instructions

0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, and 2.0 mm

reflection spectrophotometer (CM-700d, Konica Minolta Sensing Inc)

TP values/ CR values

ICE: 0.5 = 16.59 / 0.86, 0.7mm14.41 / 0.88, 1.0mm11.47/ 0.90, 1.2 mm 9.92/ 0.92, 1.5mm8.52/ 0.93, 2.0 mm 6.38/ 0.95

PRT: 0.5mm17.13/ 0.85, 0.7 mm 15.5/ 0.87, 1.0mm12.46/ 0.90, 1.2 mm 10.62/ 0.92, 1.5mm8.73/ 0.93,

2.0 mm 6.38/ 0.95

PRTA 0.5mm20.4/ 0.82, 0.7mm17.6/ 0.84, 1.0mm15.82/ 0.85, 1.2mm14.82/ 0.86, 1.5mm12.04/0.89

2.0mm9.74/ 0.91

BRX: 0.5mm17.76/ 0.86, 0.7mm15.03/ 0.89, 1.0mm12.32/ 0.92, 1.2mm10.53/ 0.93, 1.5mm8/ 0.95, 2.0mm5.65/ 0.97

ZEN: 0.5mm8.9/ 0.84, 0.7mm15.91/ 0.86, 1.0mm13.95/ 0.88, 1.2mm11.84/ 0.90, 1.5mm9.47/ 0.92

2.0mm7.46/ 0.98

KAT: 0.5mm17.57/ 0.84, 0.7mm15.11/ 0.85, 1.0mm13.42/ 0.87, 1.2mm11.69/ 0.89, 1.5mm9.78/ 0.91, 2.0mm7.78/ 0.93

Kurtulmus-Yilmaz S 2014 [83]

Translucency parameter (TP)

in A3.5, A2,A1shades

3Y-PSZ:Katana (KTN), In-Ceram YZ (VYZ), ICE Zirkon (ICE),

IPS e.max Press (IPS)

11

followed the manufacturers’ instructions

0.5 mm

ITA Easyshade Compact spectrophotometer

TP VYZ: A1: 22.68 ± 0.577

A2 21.98 ± 1.076, A3.5 22.54 ± 0.815

ICE: A1: 17.86 ± 1.430

A2: 17.85 ± 1.851,A3.5 17.065 ± 1.761

KTN:A1 24.045 ± 1.148

A2 22.105 ± 1.606, A3.5 19.065 ± 1.289

Stawarczyk 2014 [84]

contrast Ratio (CR)

3 Y-TZP:Lava (LZ),ICE

Zirkon (IZ),Vita In Ceram YZ (VI), InCoris ZI (IC), CopranYZ (CY), DD BioZ (DD),ZENO Bridge (ZE),Cercon (CC),

3YPSZ:CeramillZi (CZ),

GC DiscCIP (GC), Prettau (PR) / glass ceramic:VitaMarkII (CG)

12

according to manufacturers’ instruction

0.5 ± 0.05 mm

spectrophotometer (CM-2600d, Konica Minolta)

CR: CC (0.85 ± 0.01).CG: (0.58 ± 0.01); PR (0.74 ± 0.01), VI (0.76 ± 0.01), LZ (0.74 ± 0.01), GC (0.75 ± 0.01), IC (0.81 ± 0.01), CY (0.78 ± 0.01), DD (0.78 ± 0.02), CZ (0.77 ± 0.01), IZ (0.76 ± 0.03)

Ebeid 2014 [85]

contrast Ratio (CR)

3Y- PSZ: Bruxzir,

10

holding time (4, 2, 1 h)

sintering temperature (1600 ◦C, 1530 ◦C,1460 ◦C)

1 mm

spectrophotometer (Easyshade compact, Vita Zahnfabrik)

Contrast Ratio (CR)

At 1460, holding time 1 h 0.75 ± 0.02

At 1460, holding time 2 h 0.75 ± 0.03

At 1460, holding time 4 h 0.71 ± 0.01

At 1530, holding time 1 h 0.72 ± 0.01

At 1530, holding time 2 h 0.71 ± 0.01

At 1530, holding time4h 0.69 ± 0.01

At 1600, holding time 1 h 0.71 ± 0.01

At 1600, holding time 2 h 0.70 ± 0.01

At 1600, holding time4h0.68 ± 0.01

Kanchanavasita 2014 [86]

contrast Ratio (CR)

3Y- PSZ:Cercon Base,

10

according to the manufacturers’ recommendations

0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 mm

A spectrocolorimeter (ColorFlex, Model 45/0; Hunter Lab, Inc.)

CR:Cercon Base: 0.3 mm 0.76

0.6 mm 0.84, 0.9 mm 0.91

1.2 mm 0.97, 1.5 mm 0.99

Stawarczyk et al. 2013 [87]

Ratio (CR)

After different sintering temperatures contrast

3Y- PSZ: Ceramill ZI

10

120 min holding time, various final temperatures: 1700 °C, 1650 °C, 1600 °C, 1550 °C, 1500 °C,1450 °C, 1400 °C, 1350 °C, or 1300 °C

0.7 mm

a spectrophotometer (CM-2600 d, Konica Minolta)

CR 1,300 °C, 0.85 ± 0.01

1,350 °C, 0.81 ± 0.01

1,400 °C, 0.78 ± 0.01

1,450 °C, 0.77 ± 0.01

1,500 °C, 0.77 ± 0.02

1,550 °C, 0.75 ± 0.01

1,600 °C, 0.74 (0.01

1,650 °C, 0.70 ± 0.01

1,700 °C, 0.68 ± 0.01

Kim et al.2013 [88]

light transmittance

3 Y-TZP:Lava Frame,

3Y- PSZ: KaVo Everest ZS

10

Microwave sintering (MS) 20 min dwell time and conventional sintering (CS) 2, 10, or 40 h dwell time

1 mm

spectrophotometer. (SpectraMagic CM-3500d, Konica Minolta)

light transmittance (%) Lava:

CS – 20 min 30.32 ± 0.64

CS – 2 h 29.80 ± 0.32

CS – 10 h 28.86 ± 0.16

CS – 40 h 28.39 ± 0.19

MS – 20 min 34.48 ± 0.24

KaVo: CS – 20 min 29.62 ± 0.20

CS – 2 h 28.61 ± 0.31

CS – 10 h 28.39 ± 0.43

CS – 40 h 28.09 ± 0.37

MS – 20 min 30.50 ± 0.37

Jiang 2011 [89]

light transmittance

3 Y- PSZ: TZ-3YB-E

10

Various sintering temperatures 1500, 1450, 1400, and 1350 °C

0.50 ± 0.01 mm

spectrometer with a double-prism monochromator (Bentham Instr. Ltd.)

As the temperature went up from 1,350 to 1,500 °C, light transmittances increased too