Fig. 1

Flowchart of tooth position recognition and tooth semantic segmentation. The workflow begins with the utilization of SegFormer for tooth position recognition on panoramic images to identify the locations of 32 teeth. Based on the tooth position data, specific regions containing teeth were extracted from the panoramic radiographs. After this extraction, semantic segmentation of the teeth was performed on the cropped regions. Ultimately, combining the tooth position information with the semantic segmentation results yielded the semantic segmentation of individual teeth. The direction of the blue arrow indicates the process sequence