Table 3 Characteristics of the included CBCT in-vitro studies

[86]

Maghfuri, S., et al. 2019

100

Maxillary first premolars

3D Accuitomo170

12,500 μm

I-Dixel

imaging software

Vertucci’s classification

Extracted premolars were washed in under and placed in sodium hypochlorite (2.5%) then teeth were mounted in artificial jaw and CBCT was done.

Occurrence of root is as follows: one root (36%), two roots (61%) and three roots (3%).

Evidence of canals: two canals (97%), three canals (3%) and one canal was not found.

Incidence of canal configuration:

Type IV (75%),

Type V (13%),

Type II (7%),

Type VIII (3%) and

Type VI (2%).

It was displayed from the study that maxillary first premolar of involved Saudi population had higher incidence of two roots, two canals and type IV root canal configuration

[87]

Chourasia, H., et al. 2017

100

Mandibular first premolar

Vertucci’s classification

Extracted teeth were washed and stored in 10% formalin followed by access cavity preparation and dissolution of pulpal tissues in sodium hypochlorite (5.25%) then clearing, Decalcification by nitric acid (5%) and dehydration then transparent teeth were analyzed under dental microscope.

Study revealed that 80% of mandibular 1st premolar had one root, 18% were double rooted and 2% had three roots. One canal was found in 72%, 26% were two canals and 2% were three canals. One apical foramen was noted in 73%, two foramens were in 19%, three foramens were found in 2% and evidence of multiple apical foramina was seen in 6%.

Occurrence of canal configuration: type I (69%), type III (8%), type IV (4%), type V (16%). 38% of teeth had lateral canals and 16% showed internal communication.

Despite of the fact that majority of 1st mandibular premolars were single rooted with one canal, double roots and two canals were also found indicating morphological variations among Saudi population.

[88]

Alrahabi, M. and M.S. Zafar 2015

100

Maxillary first molars

76 μm

Imaging software (CS 3D; Care stream Health, Inc., 2011)

Vertucci’s classification

Study included 100 maxillary first molars which were extracted freshly, 5% NaOCl was used to clean the teeth followed by washing with ultrapure water then teeth were place in normal saline and further radiographic evaluation was carried out.

Three distinct roots were present in 94% of maxillary first molars and 6% of molars were identified with four roots. Single root canal with type 1 vertucci’s classification was noticed in distobuccal and palatal roots whereas MB root with one root canal (29.6%) and two canals (70.6%) were found. Type II (47%) configuration was highest in MB roots then type I (29.4%) followed by type IIIand IV (11.8%) individually.

Study stated that first maxillary molars had higher incidence of three separated roots and presence of fused roots was rare. Type Ivertucci canal configuration was significantly higher in DB and palatal roots whereas, type Ior IIconfiguration was more common in MB roots.