Fig. 2

T2DM tooth extraction rats were successfully established. A–C Body weight, fasting blood glucose, and fasting insulin levels of each group (8 rats per group). D, E Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was performed at week 7 (n = 8). The AUC of T2DM rats significantly increased in T2DM, TCH, and 50 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, and 150 mg/ml ART-loaded TCH groups than in normal rats (p < 0.01) (D). The HOMA-IR of T2DM rats significantly increased in TCH, 50 mg/ml, and 100 mg/ml ART-loaded TCH groups than in normal rats (p < 0.05) (E). F–H The first and second molars of the maxilla in T2DM rats were extracted (F) and immediately applied different concentrations of ART-loaded TCH (G). The healing of the socket was recorded at 2 months after tooth extraction (H). Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus group; TCH, thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel group; Low, 50 mg/ml ART-loaded TCH group; Medium, 100 mg/ml ART-loaded TCH group; High; 150 mg/ml ART-loaded TCH group