Fig. 4

ART-loaded TCH alleviated osteogenic regulatory factors on tooth extraction sockets of T2DM. A The histology of the maxilla was observed by H&E. B–D The expression of OPG (B, C), ALP (B, D), and RANK (B) in maxilla tooth extraction sockets was detected by IHC and RT-qPCR (n = 3). The expression of OPG and ALP greatly improved in 100 mg/ml and 150 mg/ml ART-loaded TCH groups than in the T2DM group (p < 0.05) (C, D). Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation. *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01. T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus group; TCH, thermosensitive chitosan hydrogel group; Low, 50 mg/ml ART-loaded TCH group; Medium, 100 mg/ml ART-loaded TCH group; High; 150 mg/ml ART-loaded TCH group