Table 1 Materials used in the study, their brand names, descriptions, manufacturers, and lot numbers

All bond universal

Ultra Mild Universal multi-mode adhesive system pH (3.2)

10-MDP, Bis-GMA, HEMA, Ethanol, Water, Initiators

Bisco; Schaumburg, IL, USA

2,100,006,177

Grandio

Universal nanohybrid resin composite

Bis-GMA, UDMA & TEG-DMA matrix

Filler content: 87 wt% / 71.4 vol% inorganic filler loading

Voco, Cuxhaven, Germany

2,050,486

B&E etch

Etchant delivery system

37%Phosphoric Acid Semi Gel

B&E, Korea

BEE220003

Bioglass nanoparticles

10 nm powder particles

45% Silica, 25% CaO, 25% Na₂O & 5% P₂O₅

Nanostreams, UK

NS0001