Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
Author, Year (Country) | Digital acrylic resin | Conventional acrylic resin | Sample size (dimensions in mm) | Microbial isolate (number of strains) | Measurement unit | Time of exposure Temperature (Concentration) | Polish/non-polish Saliva coated Stationary/dynamic | Main outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Makke, 2014 (USA) [35] | Milled (AvaDent) | Eclipse Light-cured Lucitone FRS flexible SR Ivocap High Impact Nature-CRYL Pour DC Acrylic S.P. Clear Ivocap | 15 bars (5 × 15 × 2 mm) | Candida albicans (1) | Adhesion percent | 1 hrs at 30 °C (1 × 106 cells/mL) | Non-polish Saliva coated Stationary | A significant lower candida colonization in CAD-CAM group (P < 0.05). |
Al-Fouzan et al., 2017 (KSA) [22] | Milled (VivaDent) | Heat-polymerized AR | 10 discs (10 × 3 mm) | Candida albicans (4) | CFU/mL | 90 min at 37 °C (1 × 107 cells/mL) | Polished NR Dynamic | A significant lower Candida in the milled group (P < 0.05). |
Murat et al., 2019 (Turkey) [23] | Milled (M-P-M) Milled (Polident) Milled (AvaDent) | Heat-polymerized AR | 10 discs (10 × 2 mm) | Candida albicans (1) | cell count per field | 2 hrs at 37 °C (NA) | Finish at 800-grit-saliva coated/non-coated Dynamic | A significant lower Candida in the milled group (P < 0.05). |
Jung, 2020 (USA) [31] | Milled (AvaDent) 3D printed (Dentca) DLP printed (Lucitone) | Heat-polymerized AR | 12 bars (10 × 10 × 2 mm) | Candida albicans (1) | CFU/mL | 24 hrs at 37 °C (1 × 107 cells/mL) | Non-polish Non-coated Stationary | No significant differences between the two groups. |
Meirowitz et al., 2021 (Israel) [28] | Milled (Vira Vionic) 3D-printed (Detax) | Heat-polymerized AR Chemically-polymerized AR | 6 discs (12 × 2 mm) | Candida albicans (1) | Microbial cell count | 4 hrs at 37 °C (1 × 106 cells/mL) | Polished Mucin coated Stationary | Significantly lower colonization in milled resin than conventional. 3D showed the highest colonization. |
Freitas et al., 2023 (Brazil) [30] | Milled (AvaDent) 3D-printed (Yller) | Heat-polymerized AR Microwave-polymerized AR | 9 discs (10 × 3 mm) | Candida albicans (1) | log CFU/mL | 48 hrs at 37 °C (1 × 107 cells/mL) | Polished Non-coated Stationary | Milled digital showed lower colonization than conventional denture (P < 0.05). Yet, 3D dentures showed higher colonization than conventional. |
Koujan et al., 2022 (USA) [27] | Milled (AvaDent) 3D-printed (Dentca) | Heat-polymerized AR | 10 bars (10 × 10 × 2 mm) | Candida albicans (1) | OD value | 16 hrs at 37 °C (NA) | Polish Non-coated Shaker-dynamic | No significant differences between the milled and conventional, but significantly higher colonization in 3D digital. |
Larijani et al., 2022 (Iran) [33] | Milled (Glazed) Milled (High polished) | Heat-polymerized AR Chemically-polymerized AR | 14 discs (10 × 1 mm) | Candida albicans (4) | OD value | 48 hrs at 37 °C (1 × 108 cells/mL) | Polished Non-coated Stationary | No significant differences between the glazed milled and conventional group. However, significantly lower in polished milled compared to the conventional. |
Linder, 2022 (USA) [34] | Milled (Ivotion) 3D-printed (Dentca) DLP printed (Lucitone) DLP printed (Envision) | Heat-polymerized AR (Injected) Heat-polymerized AR (Compressed) | 6 discs (10 × 2 mm) | Candida albicans (1) | log CFU/mL | 48 hrs at 37 °C (NA) | Polished Non-coated Stationary | No significant differences between 3D group and conventional group. Yet, significantly lower DLP group than the conventional. |
Wei et al., 2022 (China) [36] | Milled (Organic) | Heat-polymerized AR (Compressed) | 4 discs (10 × 2 mm) | Candida albicans (1) Staphylococcus aureus (1) Streptococcus mutans (1) | log CFU/ml OD value | 24 hrs at 37 °C (1 × 107 cells/mL) | Polished Saliva coated Stationary | A significant lower candida colonization in the milled group (P < 0.05). |
Alfouzan et al., 2023 (KSA) [29] | Milled (IvoBase) 3D-printed (NextDent) | Heat-polymerized AR | 10 discs (10 × 3 mm) | Candida albicans (1) Streptococcus mutans (1) | CFU/mL | 72 hrs at 37 °C (1 × 10−3 cells/mL) | Polished Non-coated Shaker -dynamic | No significant differences between the two groups. |
Khattar et al., 2023 (KSA) [32] | 3D-printed (NextDent) | Heat-polymerized AR | 10 discs (15 × 2 mm) | Candida albicans (1) | CFU/mL | 24 hrs at 37 °C (NR) | Polished Non-coated Stationary | No significant differences between the two groups. |
Osman et al., 2023 [39] | 3D-printed (NextDent) Milled (Opera) | Heat-polymerized AR | 9 specimens Not specific shape | Candida albicans (1) | OD value | 24 hr. at 37’C (1 × 106 cells/mL) | Non-polished Non-coated Dynamic-shaker 150 rpm | Milled digital showed lower colonization than conventional denture (P < 0.05). Yet, 3D-printed resin showed higher colonization than conventional. |
Teixeira et al., 2023 [40] | 3D-printed (Cosmos) | Heat-polymerized AR | 9 discs (9 × 1 mm) | Candida albicans (1) Candida Glabrata (1) Streptococcus mutans (1) | CFU/mL | 90 min at 37’C (1 × 106 cells/mL) | Polished Non-coated Dynamic-shaker 750 rpm | 3D-printed resin showed higher colonization than conventional. |